Image Classification on CIFAR-10 (Proof Generation and Verification Time)
967.13Training + Proof Generation Time (s)PoL (Vanilla)
Evaluation Results
| Method | Links | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PoL (Vanilla)Watermark size (bit)=512, Backbone=AlexNet2025.05 | 967.13 | — | 4 | 768.41 | |
| PoL (hash)Watermark size (bit)=512, Backbone=AlexNet2025.05 | 970.93 | — | 7.8 | 722.21 | |
| PoL (Vanilla)Watermark size (bit)=2048, Backbone=AlexNet2025.05 | 975.33 | — | 4.88 | 891.99 | |
| PoL (hash)Watermark size (bit)=2048, Backbone=AlexNet2025.05 | 979.13 | — | 8.68 | 895.79 | |
| PoLOWatermark size (bit)=2048, Backbone=AlexNet2025.05 | 990.74 | — | 20.29 | 83.37 | |
| PoLOWatermark size (bit)=512, Backbone=AlexNet2025.05 | 993.12 | — | 29.99 | 193.79 | |
| PoL (Vanilla)Watermark size (bit)=1024, Backbone=AlexNet2025.05 | 1,047.57 | — | 4.25 | 887.03 | |
| PoL (hash)Watermark size (bit)=1024, Backbone=AlexNet2025.05 | 1,051.37 | — | 8.05 | 890.83 | |
| PoLOWatermark size (bit)=1024, Backbone=AlexNet2025.05 | 1,066.78 | — | 23.46 | 157.6 | |
| PoL (Vanilla)Watermark size (bit)=2048, Backbone=ResNet182025.05 | 1,603.47 | — | 5.1 | 1,530.55 | |
| PoL (hash)Watermark size (bit)=2048, Backbone=ResNet182025.05 | 1,604.67 | — | 6.3 | 1,531.75 | |
| PoLOWatermark size (bit)=2048, Backbone=ResNet182025.05 | 1,618.78 | — | 20.41 | 75.96 | |
| PoL (Vanilla)Watermark size (bit)=512, Backbone=ResNet182025.05 | 1,756.94 | — | 2.27 | 1,541.18 | |
| PoL (hash)Watermark size (bit)=512, Backbone=ResNet182025.05 | 1,758.14 | — | 3.47 | 1,542.38 | |
| PoLOWatermark size (bit)=512, Backbone=ResNet182025.05 | 1,783.5 | — | 28.83 | 213.85 | |
| PoL (Vanilla)Watermark size (bit)=1024, Backbone=ResNet182025.05 | 1,837.13 | — | 4.68 | 1,688.14 | |
| PoL (hash)Watermark size (bit)=1024, Backbone=ResNet182025.05 | 1,838.32 | — | 5.88 | 1,689.34 | |
| PoLOWatermark size (bit)=1024, Backbone=ResNet182025.05 | 1,861.62 | — | 29.17 | 149.07 | |
| BaselineWatermark size (bit)=2048, Backbone=AlexNet2025.05 | — | 970.45 | — | — | |
| BaselineWatermark size (bit)=2048, Backbone=ResNet182025.05 | — | 1,598.37 | — | — | |
| BaselineWatermark size (bit)=1024, Backbone=AlexNet2025.05 | — | 1,043.32 | — | — | |
| BaselineWatermark size (bit)=1024, Backbone=ResNet182025.05 | — | 1,832.45 | — | — | |
| BaselineWatermark size (bit)=512, Backbone=AlexNet2025.05 | — | 963.13 | — | — | |
| BaselineWatermark size (bit)=512, Backbone=ResNet182025.05 | — | 1,754.67 | — | — |