Cross-view Geo-localization on University-1652 (Satellite -> Drone)
98.57R@1(MGS)²
Evaluation results
| Method | Links | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (MGS)²Publication=—2026.02 | 98.57 | 97.27 | — | |
| SKYPARTVenue=–, Params=26.95 M2026.05 | 98.43 | 98.24 | — | |
| CLNet2025.12 | 98.31 | 91.63 | — | |
| BGGParameters (M)=10.67, GFLOPs=86.632026.05 | 97.57 | 95.44 | — | |
| QDFLPublication=TGRS’252026.02 | 97.15 | 94.57 | — | |
| QDFLType=S, Label-free=false, Training-free=false, Params (M)=108.87, FLOPs (G)=80.242026.03 | 97.15 | 94.57 | — | |
| MSCRTrained Params=10.612025.12 | 96.72 | 93.57 | — | |
| SFDE2026.03 | 96.72 | 92.4 | — | |
| Sample4GeoPublication=ICCV’232026.02 | 96.43 | 93.79 | — | |
| DACPublication=TCSVT’242026.02 | 96.43 | 93.79 | — | |
| CDM-NetPublication=TGRS’252026.02 | 96.43 | 93.79 | — | |
| DACVenue=TCSVT20242026.03 | 96.43 | 93.79 | — | |
| DACType=S, Label-free=false, Training-free=false, Params (M)=96.50, FLOPs (G)=90.242026.03 | 96.43 | 93.79 | — | |
| DACParameters (M)=96.50, GFLOPs=90.242026.05 | 96.43 | 93.79 | — | |
| SCOFPublication=TGRS’252026.02 | 96.29 | 92.68 | — | |
| DINO-GFSABackbone=DINOv3-ViT-L, Params (M)=45.73†, FLOPs (G)=134.32026.05 | 96.29 | 95.56 | 95.97 | |
| CAMPPublication=TGRS’242026.02 | 96.15 | 92.72 | — | |
| CAMPVenue=TGRS’24, Params=91.0 M2026.05 | 96.15 | 92.72 | — | |
| SHAABackbone=SwinV2-B, Params (M)=90.6, FLOPs (G)=68.82026.05 | 96.15 | 93.49 | 94.5 | |
| MEANPublication=TGRS’252026.02 | 96.01 | 92.08 | — | |
| MEANTrained Params=36.502025.12 | 96.01 | 92.08 | — | |
| MEANVenue=TGRS’20252026.03 | 96.01 | 92.08 | — | |
| MEANParameters (M)=36.50, GFLOPs=26.182026.05 | 96.01 | 92.08 | — | |
| MEANVenue=TGRS’25, Params=36.5 M2026.05 | 96.01 | 92.08 | — | |
| MEANBackbone=ConvNeXt-T, Params (M)=36.5, FLOPs (G)=26.22026.05 | 96.01 | 92.08 | 94.04 | |
| ViT-SegMatchNetVenue=ISPRS’20252026.03 | 95.59 | 92.3 | — | |
| FDERTrained Params=97.132025.12 | 95.58 | 92.17 | — | |
| UniABGType=U, Label-free=true, Training-free=false, Params (M)=96.50, FLOPs (G)=45.122026.03 | 95.43 | 93.29 | — | |
| MFJRVenue=TGRS’20242026.03 | 95.29 | 91.51 | — | |
| MFJRParameters (M)=>88.002026.05 | 95.29 | 91.51 | — | |
| CCRPublication=TCSVT’242026.02 | 95.15 | 91.8 | — | |
| CCRTrained Params=156.572025.12 | 95.15 | 91.8 | — | |
| CCRVenue=TCSVT20242026.03 | 95.15 | 91.8 | — | |
| CCRParameters (M)=156.57, GFLOPs=160.612026.05 | 95.15 | 91.8 | — | |
| CCRVenue=TCSVT’24, Params=156.6 M2026.05 | 95.15 | 91.8 | — | |
| Sample4Geo2023.03 | 95.14 | 91.39 | — | |
| SRLNPublication=TGRS’242026.02 | 95.14 | 91.97 | — | |
| Sample4egoTrained Params=88.602025.12 | 95.14 | 91.39 | — | |
| Sample4Geo2025.12 | 95.14 | 91.39 | — | |
| Sample4GeoVenue=ICCV’20232026.03 | 95.14 | 91.39 | — | |
| SRLNVenue=TGRS’20242026.03 | 95.14 | 91.97 | — | |
| Sample4GeoType=S, Label-free=false, Training-free=false, Params (M)=84.57, FLOPs (G)=90.242026.03 | 95.14 | 91.39 | — | |
| Sample4GeoParameters (M)=87.57, GFLOPs=90.242026.05 | 95.14 | 91.39 | — | |
| SRLNParameters (M)=193.032026.05 | 95.14 | 91.97 | — | |
| Sample4GeoVenue=ICCV’23, Params=87.6 M2026.05 | 95.14 | 91.39 | — | |
| Sample4GeoBackbone=ConvNeXt-B, Params (M)=87.6, FLOPs (G)=90.22026.05 | 95.14 | 91.39 | 93.25 | |
| MCCGVenue=TCSVT’20232026.03 | 95.01 | 89.93 | — | |
| MCCGParameters (M)=56.65, GFLOPs=51.042026.05 | 95.01 | 89.93 | — | |
| Game4LocContent-Viewpoint Disentanglement=true2026.05 | 94.86 | 91.92 | — | |
| Game4LocContent-Viewpoint Disentanglement=false2026.05 | 94.43 | 90.83 | — | |
| MCCGPublication=TCSVT’232026.02 | 94.3 | 89.39 | — | |
| MCCGTrained Params=56.652025.12 | 94.3 | 89.39 | — | |
| SeGCNPublication=JSTARS’242026.02 | 94.29 | 89.65 | — | |
| MCCGVenue=TCSVT’24, Params=56.6 M2026.05 | 94.29 | 89.29 | — | |
| Wang et al.Type=U, Label-free=true, Training-free=false2026.03 | 94.01 | 82.66 | — | |
| DACBackbone=ResNet-50, Params (M)=96.5, FLOPs (G)=90.22026.05 | 93.79 | 96.43 | 95.1 | |
| SDPLPublication=TCSVT’242026.02 | 93.58 | 89.45 | — | |
| SDPLTrained Params=42.562025.12 | 93.58 | 89.45 | — | |
| SDPLVenue=TCSVT’20242026.03 | 93.58 | 89.45 | — | |
| SDPLParameters (M)=42.56, GFLOPs=69.712026.05 | 93.58 | 89.45 | — | |
| SDPLBackbone=Swin-T, Params (M)=42.6, FLOPs (G)=69.72026.05 | 93.58 | 89.45 | 91.21 | |
| VFM-Loc(RadioV4)Type=Z, Label-free=true, Training-free=true, Params (M)=431.24, FLOPs (G)=84.682026.03 | 92.58 | 75.86 | — | |
| GeoFormerPublication=JSTARS’242026.02 | 92.3 | 88.54 | — | |
| MBF2023.03 | 92.15 | 84.45 | — | |
| MBF2025.12 | 92.15 | 84.45 | — | |
| CCRBackbone=ViT-B, Params (M)=156.6, FLOPs (G)=160.62026.05 | 91.8 | 95.15 | 93.32 | |
| MJRLIFSPublication=TGRS’242026.02 | 91.44 | 85.73 | — | |
| IFSsVenue=TGRS’20242026.03 | 91.44 | 85.73 | — | |
| IFSs2026.05 | 91.44 | 85.73 | — | |
| DWDR2023.03 | 91.3 | 86.02 | — | |
| DWDR2025.12 | 91.3 | 86.02 | — | |
| VFM-Loc(DINOv3)Type=Z, Label-free=true, Training-free=true, Params (M)=85.67, FLOPs (G)=12.932026.03 | 90.44 | 72.41 | — | |
| LPNVenue=TCSVT’22, Params=62.4 M2026.05 | 90.3 | 78.78 | — | |
| TransFGPublication=TGRS’242026.02 | 90.16 | 84.61 | — | |
| TransFGVenue=TGRS’20242026.03 | 90.16 | 84.61 | — | |
| TransFGParameters (M)=>86.002026.05 | 90.16 | 84.61 | — | |
| MCCGBackbone=ConvNeXt-B, Params (M)=56.7, FLOPs (G)=51.02026.05 | 89.93 | 95.01 | 91.35 | |
| FSRABackbone=Vit-S, k (number of sampling)=1, s (size of input images)=5122022.01 | 89.73 | 84.94 | — | |
| FSRABackbone=Vit-S, k (number of sampling)=32022.01 | 88.45 | 83.37 | — | |
| MuSe-NetVenue=PR’20242026.03 | 88.02 | 75.1 | — | |
| MuSe-NetParameters (M)=50.472026.05 | 88.02 | 75.1 | — | |
| FSRABackbone=Vit-S, k (number of sampling)=12022.01 | 87.87 | 81.53 | — | |
| PCLType=S, Label-free=false, Training-free=false2026.03 | 87.69 | 78.51 | — | |
| Local Pattern Network (LPN)Training data=with Google Image2020.08 | 86.45 | 74.79 | — | |
| LPNBackbone=ResNet-502022.01 | 86.45 | 74.79 | — | |
| LPNBackbone=ResNet-50, Params (M)=29.2, Dim=2048, Assumption of alignment=with2023.02 | 86.45 | 74.79 | — | |
| SAIG-DBackbone=SAIG-D, Params (M)=31.2, Dim=1536, Assumption of alignment=with2023.02 | 86.45 | 78.48 | — | |
| LPN2023.03 | 86.45 | 74.79 | — | |
| SAIG-D2023.03 | 86.45 | 78.48 | — | |
| LPN2025.12 | 86.45 | 74.79 | — | |
| SAIG-D2025.12 | 86.45 | 78.48 | — | |
| LPNVenue=TCSVT’20212026.03 | 86.45 | 74.49 | — | |
| LPNParameters (M)=62.39, GFLOPs=36.782026.05 | 86.45 | 74.49 | — | |
| LPNBackbone=ResNet-50, Params (M)=62.4, FLOPs (G)=36.82026.05 | 86.45 | 74.49 | 79 | |
| SAIG-DBackbone=SAIG-D, Params (M)=31.2, Dim=384, Assumption of alignment=without2023.02 | 86.31 | 75.82 | — | |
| SAIG-SBackbone=SAIG-S, Params (M)=18.2, Dim=1536, Assumption of alignment=with2023.02 | 86.02 | 77.18 | — | |
| Local Pattern Network (LPN)Training data=w/o Google Image2020.08 | 85.16 | 73.68 | — | |
| SAIG-SBackbone=SAIG-S, Params (M)=18.2, Dim=384, Assumption of alignment=without2023.02 | 83.59 | 73.22 | — | |
| LCM (ResNet-50)Backbone=ResNet-502022.01 | 79.89 | 65.38 | — | |
| Instance Loss + GeM PoolingBackbone=ResNet-502022.01 | 79.03 | 65.35 | — |