Class-incremental learning on ImageNet-R 5-task
88.42Avg Accuracy (A_bar)MoP
Evaluation results
| Method | Links | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MoPMemory=false2025.12 | 88.42 | — | — | — | — | 84.02 | — | — | — | — | |
| Lang-CLMemory=false2025.12 | 87.14 | — | — | — | — | 82.46 | — | — | — | — | |
| StaR-MoEBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN1K2026.05 | 86.09 | — | — | — | — | 81.62 | — | — | — | — | |
| SLCAMemory=false2025.12 | 85.29 | — | — | — | — | 79.54 | — | — | — | — | |
| SEMA2024.03 | 84.75 | — | — | — | — | 79.78 | — | — | — | — | |
| SEMABackbone=ViT-B/16-IN1K2024.03 | 84.75 | — | — | — | — | 79.78 | — | — | — | — | |
| SEMABackbone=ViT-B/16-IN1K2026.05 | 84.25 | — | — | — | — | 78.85 | — | — | — | — | |
| EASEMemory=false2025.12 | 83.77 | — | — | — | — | 76.72 | — | — | — | — | |
| PROOFMemory=true2025.12 | 83.73 | — | — | — | — | 78.19 | — | — | — | — | |
| MoE-AdaptersMemory=false2025.12 | 83.61 | — | — | — | — | 78.68 | — | — | — | — | |
| SEMABackbone=ViT-B/16-IN21K2024.03 | 83.27 | — | — | — | — | 77.13 | — | — | — | — | |
| DualPromptMemory=false2025.12 | 83.08 | — | — | — | — | 76.94 | — | — | — | — | |
| SD-LoRABackbone=ViT-B/16-IN1K2026.05 | 83.01 | — | — | — | — | 79.15 | — | — | — | — | |
| Janus-LoRABackbone=ViT-B/162026.05 | 82.52 | — | — | — | — | — | 77.19 | — | — | 6.71 | |
| L2PMemory=false2025.12 | 82.32 | — | — | — | — | 75.55 | — | — | — | — | |
| InfLoRABackbone=ViT-B/16-IN1K2026.05 | 81.81 | — | — | — | — | 76.95 | — | — | — | — | |
| InfLORABackbone=ViT-B/16-IN21K2024.03 | 81.75 | — | — | — | — | 76.77 | — | — | — | — | |
| InfLoRABackbone=ViT-B/162026.05 | 81.64 | — | — | — | — | — | 76.31 | — | — | 6.17 | |
| CODA-PBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN1K2024.03 | 81.63 | — | — | — | — | 76.98 | — | — | — | — | |
| CODA-PromptBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN1K2026.05 | 81.63 | — | — | — | — | 76.98 | — | — | — | — | |
| PR-CLIPMemory=true2025.12 | 81.52 | — | — | — | — | 76.8 | — | — | — | — | |
| AttriCLIPMemory=false2025.12 | 81.44 | — | — | — | — | 74.97 | — | — | — | — | |
| LoRA-GPMBackbone=ViT-B/162026.05 | 81.16 | — | — | — | — | — | 73.96 | — | — | 10.24 | |
| CODA-PromptMemory=false2025.12 | 80.79 | — | — | — | — | 72.47 | — | — | — | — | |
| LoRA-DRSBackbone=ViT-B/162026.05 | 80.27 | — | — | — | — | — | 74.51 | — | — | 4.11 | |
| ADAMBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN1K2024.03 | 79.91 | — | — | — | — | 74.25 | — | — | — | — | |
| APER + SSFBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN1K2026.05 | 79.82 | — | — | — | — | 74.13 | — | — | — | — | |
| CODA-PBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN21K2024.03 | 79.78 | — | — | — | — | 74.68 | — | — | — | — | |
| APER + AdapterBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN1K2026.05 | 79.43 | — | — | — | — | 74.02 | — | — | — | — | |
| Fine-TuningBackbone=ViT-B/162026.05 | 78.93 | — | — | — | — | — | 69.75 | — | — | 17.651 | |
| EASEOptimization Protocol=FO Optimization2025.10 | 78.78 | — | — | — | — | 71.93 | — | — | 7.54 | — | |
| BiLoRABackbone=ViT-B/162026.05 | 78.59 | — | — | — | — | — | 74.93 | — | — | 2.74 | |
| InfLoRABackbone=ViT-B/16-IN1K2024.03 | 78.58 | — | — | — | — | 72.58 | — | — | — | — | |
| Coda-PromptBackbone=ViT-B/162026.05 | 78.36 | — | — | — | — | — | 74.05 | — | — | 4.61 | |
| L2PBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN1K2024.03 | 77.4 | — | — | — | — | 73.59 | — | — | — | — | |
| L2PBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN1K2026.05 | 77.4 | — | — | — | — | 73.59 | — | — | — | — | |
| ADAMBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN21K2024.03 | 77.28 | — | — | — | — | 70.58 | — | — | — | — | |
| DualPromptBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN1K2024.03 | 76.39 | — | — | — | — | 72.29 | — | — | — | — | |
| DualPromptBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN1K2026.05 | 76.39 | — | — | — | — | 72.29 | — | — | — | — | |
| Adapter + Cls.Optimization Protocol=FO Optimization2025.10 | 74.71 | — | — | — | — | 69.62 | — | — | 8.49 | — | |
| DualPromptBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN21K2024.03 | 73.91 | — | — | — | — | 68.81 | — | — | — | — | |
| L2PBackbone=ViT-B/162026.05 | 73.68 | — | — | — | — | — | 68.02 | — | — | 7.13 | |
| InfLoRAOptimization Protocol=FO Optimization2025.10 | 73.33 | — | — | — | — | 64.52 | — | — | 7.95 | — | |
| L2PBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN21K2024.03 | 72.9 | — | — | — | — | 65.83 | — | — | — | — | |
| Dual-PromptBackbone=ViT-B/162026.05 | 72.18 | — | — | — | — | — | 68.48 | — | — | 4.7 | |
| ZO-FCOptimization Protocol=ZO Optimization2025.10 | 72.01 | — | — | — | — | 66.63 | — | — | 4.4 | — | |
| APER AdapterOptimization Protocol=FO Optimization2025.10 | 71.52 | — | — | — | — | 63.42 | — | — | 7.48 | — | |
| L2POptimization Protocol=FO Optimization2025.10 | 69.6 | — | — | — | — | 62.35 | — | — | 6.12 | — | |
| LAE AdapterOptimization Protocol=FO Optimization2025.10 | 66.28 | — | — | — | — | 55.78 | — | — | 9.93 | — | |
| SimpleCILBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN1K2026.05 | 65.84 | — | — | — | — | 61.28 | — | — | — | — | |
| SimpleCILBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN1K2024.03 | 65.83 | — | — | — | — | 61.31 | — | — | — | — | |
| CODA-PromptOptimization Protocol=FO Optimization2025.10 | 64.54 | — | — | — | — | 55.23 | — | — | 5.3 | — | |
| EASEOptimization Protocol=ZO Optimization2025.10 | 62.65 | — | — | — | — | 54.47 | — | — | 9.84 | — | |
| APER AdapterOptimization Protocol=ZO Optimization2025.10 | 62.6 | — | — | — | — | 54.5 | — | — | 8.55 | — | |
| SimpleCILOptimization Protocol=Classifier Only2025.10 | 62.39 | — | — | — | — | 54.33 | — | — | 8.36 | — | |
| Learnable Cls.Optimization Protocol=FO Optimization2025.10 | 60.6 | — | — | — | — | 52.12 | — | — | 3.98 | — | |
| SimpleCILBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN21K2024.03 | 59.7 | — | — | — | — | 54.33 | — | — | — | — | |
| FT AdapterBackbone=ViT-B/16-IN1K2024.03 | 53.91 | — | — | — | — | 41.23 | — | — | — | — | |
| Adapter + Cls.Optimization Protocol=ZO Optimization2025.10 | 34.87 | — | — | — | — | 27.33 | — | — | 6.36 | — | |
| Learnable Cls.Optimization Protocol=ZO Optimization2025.10 | 25.6 | — | — | — | — | 17.08 | — | — | 9.18 | — | |
| LAE AdapterOptimization Protocol=ZO Optimization2025.10 | 16.92 | — | — | — | — | 8.87 | — | — | 8.23 | — | |
| L2POptimization Protocol=ZO Optimization2025.10 | 4.55 | — | — | — | — | 1.42 | — | — | 4.24 | — | |
| CODA-PromptOptimization Protocol=ZO Optimization2025.10 | 3.1 | — | — | — | — | 0.92 | — | — | 1.9 | — | |
| InfLoRAOptimization Protocol=ZO Optimization2025.10 | 2.26 | — | — | — | — | 0.89 | — | — | 1.97 | — | |
| AvgMemory=Theta(N)2025.09 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 83.08 | — | — | — | |
| BECAMEYear=2025, Backbone=CLIP ViT-B/16, Method Category=Model Merging2026.05 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 82.1 | — | — | — | |
| C-LoRA2025.11 | — | — | — | — | 75.85 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CLG-CBMYear=2025, Backbone=CLIP ViT-B/16, Method Category=PEFT2026.05 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 79.2 | — | — | — | |
| CMMMemory=Theta(1)2025.09 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 83.41 | — | — | — | |
| CODA-PPub.=CVPR23, Backbone=ViT-Base, Pre-trained=ImageNet-1K2024.10 | — | 76.51 | 82.04 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CODA-P2025.11 | — | — | — | — | 73.09 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CODA-PromptLocation=[1 2 3 4 5], N=100, Np=82025.09 | — | 76.51 | 82.04 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CODAPromptYear=2023, Backbone=CLIP ViT-B/16, Method Category=PEFT2026.05 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 78.9 | — | — | — | |
| Deep L2P++Pub.=CVPR22, Backbone=ViT-Base, Pre-trained=ImageNet-1K2024.10 | — | 73.93 | 80.14 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Deep L2P++Location=[1 2 3 4 5], N=30, Np=202025.09 | — | 73.93 | 80.14 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DualPromptPub.=ECCV22, Backbone=ViT-Base, Pre-trained=ImageNet-1K2024.10 | — | 73.05 | 79.47 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DualPrompt2025.11 | — | — | — | — | 67.88 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DualPromptBackbone=ViT-B/162025.11 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 69.99 | 72.24 | — | — | |
| DualPromptLocation=[1 2] [3 4 5], G: N=1, G: Np=5, E: N=10, E: Np=202025.09 | — | 73.05 | 79.47 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DualPromptYear=2023, Backbone=CLIP ViT-B/16, Method Category=PEFT2026.05 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 78.6 | — | — | — | |
| EvoPromptPub.=AAAI24, Backbone=ViT-Base, Pre-trained=ImageNet-1K2024.10 | — | 77.16 | 82.22 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| EWCMemory=Theta(1)2025.09 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 82.15 | — | — | — | |
| EWCYear=2017, Backbone=CLIP ViT-B/16, Method Category=Conventional2026.05 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 74.5 | — | — | — | |
| FTBackbone=ViT-Base, Pre-trained=ImageNet-1K2024.10 | — | 18.74 | 48.39 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FT++Backbone=ViT-Base, Pre-trained=ImageNet-1K2024.10 | — | 60.42 | 71.59 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Full FTBackbone=ViT-B/162025.11 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 64.92 | 75.57 | — | — | |
| HiDe-Prompt2024.03 | — | — | — | 76.82 | 77.19 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| HiDe-PromptBackbone=ViT-B/162025.11 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 74.77 | 78.15 | — | — | |
| HiDe-PromptLocation=[1 2 3 4 5], N=10, Np=402025.09 | — | 75 | 79.68 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| HiDe-Prompt*Pub.=NeurIPS23, Backbone=ViT-Base, Pre-trained=ImageNet-1K, note=results obtained by running the official code2024.10 | — | 76.29 | 78.77 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| InfLoRA2024.03 | — | — | — | 77.52 | 82.01 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Joint2025.11 | — | — | — | — | 81.14 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| JointMemory=N/A2025.09 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 87.55 | — | — | — | |
| JointBackbone=CLIP ViT-B/16, Method Category=Baseline2026.05 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 86.5 | — | — | — | |
| Joint-Train2025.09 | — | 82.06 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Joint-Train.Backbone=ViT-Base, Pre-trained=ImageNet-1K2024.10 | — | 82.06 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| L2P2025.11 | — | — | — | — | 64.13 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| L2PBackbone=ViT-B/162025.11 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 73.04 | 76.94 | — | — | |
| L2PYear=2022, Backbone=CLIP ViT-B/16, Method Category=PEFT2026.05 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 77.9 | — | — | — | |
| L2P++Pub.=CVPR22, Backbone=ViT-Base, Pre-trained=ImageNet-1K2024.10 | — | 70.83 | 78.34 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |