Test-Time Adaptation on ImageNet-C level 5 (5k)
61.9Accuracy (Gaussian Noise)IMSE
Evaluation results
| Method | Links | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IMSEPretrain=Supervised, Backbone=ViT-Base2026.03 | 61.9 | 63.9 | 63.4 | 61.8 | 62.5 | 67.5 | 68.1 | 71.9 | 70.2 | 74.4 | 79.8 | 67.6 | 72.9 | 76.2 | 73.5 | 69 | |
| IMSEPretrain=MAE, Backbone=ViT-Base2026.03 | 61.9 | 63.8 | 63.4 | 61.3 | 61.2 | 66.7 | 65.6 | 71.2 | 68.4 | 72.9 | 80.2 | 68.4 | 70.8 | 75.7 | 73.4 | 68.3 | |
| DPALPretrain=MAE, Backbone=ViT-Base, reproduced=true2026.03 | 61.6 | 63.2 | 63.4 | 59.4 | 59.7 | 64.6 | 61.5 | 63 | 70.4 | 63.7 | 79 | 60.9 | 69.1 | 74.9 | 72.6 | 65.9 | |
| TENTPretrain=MAE, Backbone=ViT-Base, reproduced=true2026.03 | 60.2 | 61.4 | 61.8 | 59.1 | 56.7 | 63.5 | 59 | 59 | 64.1 | 3.3 | 79.2 | 67.6 | 60.9 | 72.9 | 70.6 | 60 | |
| DPALPretrain=Supervised, Backbone=ViT-Base2026.03 | 59.8 | 61.7 | 61 | 59.1 | 60.5 | 64.9 | 63.8 | 70.2 | 68.9 | 72.6 | 79.7 | 62.6 | 70.9 | 75.6 | 73.1 | 67 | |
| SARPretrain=MAE, Backbone=ViT-Base, reproduced=true2026.03 | 59.2 | 60.3 | 60.7 | 57.4 | 55.8 | 61.7 | 57.6 | 66 | 63.7 | 66.1 | 78.7 | 64.5 | 62.3 | 72.4 | 70.1 | 63.8 | |
| ZOAForward Passes (FP)=28, Steps=14, Time=2405, Memory=859, #Params=261452026.03 | 58.9 | 61.6 | 63.3 | 53.8 | 46.8 | 58.9 | 53.2 | 65.2 | 61.9 | 68.3 | 78.6 | 59.2 | 56.1 | 69.5 | 71 | 61.75 | |
| FOZOForward Passes (FP)=26, number of SPSA n=13, Time=2102, Memory=831, #Params=23042026.03 | 58.5 | 62.1 | 63.1 | 53 | 48 | 57.4 | 55.7 | 66.1 | 68.1 | 67.3 | 79.8 | 64.5 | 54.4 | 70.1 | 70.9 | 62.6 | |
| FOZOForward Passes (FP)=28, number of SPSA n=14, Time=2351, Memory=831, #Params=23042026.03 | 58.4 | 62.8 | 64.2 | 53.1 | 43.2 | 58.3 | 56.3 | 66.5 | 68.5 | 68.3 | 80.2 | 64.1 | 54.3 | 70.3 | 71.6 | 62.67 | |
| SARTime=393, Memory=5495, #Params=291842026.03 | 58.3 | 60.9 | 61.3 | 48.2 | 48.7 | 58.4 | 50.7 | 62.6 | 61.9 | 64 | 78.4 | 59.9 | 54.6 | 68 | 69.4 | 60.36 | |
| DEYOTime=282, Memory=5499, #Params=399362026.03 | 58.1 | 60.5 | 61 | 46.5 | 49.7 | 57.8 | 51.9 | 64.1 | 63 | 64.3 | 78.5 | 61.4 | 57.5 | 68.3 | 68.9 | 60.76 | |
| MEMOPretrain=Supervised, Backbone=ViT-Base2026.03 | 58.1 | 59.1 | 58.5 | 51.6 | 41.2 | 57.1 | 52.4 | 64.1 | 59 | 62.7 | 80.3 | 44.6 | 52.8 | 72.2 | 72.1 | 59.1 | |
| SARPretrain=Supervised, Backbone=ViT-Base2026.03 | 58 | 59.2 | 59 | 58 | 54.7 | 61.2 | 57.9 | 66.1 | 64.4 | 68.6 | 78.7 | 62.4 | 62.9 | 72.5 | 70.5 | 63.6 | |
| TENTPretrain=Supervised, Backbone=ViT-Base2026.03 | 57.6 | 58.9 | 58.9 | 57.6 | 54.3 | 61 | 57.5 | 65.7 | 54.1 | 69.1 | 78.7 | 62.4 | 62.5 | 72.5 | 70.6 | 62.8 | |
| TENTTime=208, Memory=5495, #Params=399362026.03 | 57.4 | 60.1 | 60.8 | 42 | 41 | 53.7 | 49.2 | 62.7 | 59.9 | 64.1 | 78.4 | 60 | 48.9 | 68.4 | 68.3 | 58.32 | |
| FOAForward Passes (FP)=28, population size K=28, Time=2391, Memory=831, #Params=23042026.03 | 57.4 | 60.8 | 62.9 | 53.1 | 45.1 | 58.3 | 53.2 | 66.5 | 67.2 | 67.6 | 80.1 | 57.6 | 51.3 | 68.5 | 70.2 | 61.32 | |
| NoAdaptTime=94, Memory=819, #Params=02026.03 | 57.1 | 57 | 57.7 | 46.8 | 35.9 | 52.8 | 45.9 | 62.4 | 62.6 | 65.8 | 78 | 32.1 | 45.3 | 67 | 67.4 | 55.57 | |
| EATATime=218, Memory=5496, #Params=399362026.03 | 57 | 61.6 | 61.5 | 52 | 48.4 | 59.5 | 52.9 | 63.9 | 61.8 | 66 | 78.7 | 62.8 | 54.7 | 69.3 | 69.8 | 61.35 | |
| CFAPretrain=Supervised, Backbone=ViT-Base2026.03 | 56.9 | 58 | 58.1 | 54.4 | 48.9 | 59.9 | 56.6 | 66.4 | 64.1 | 67.7 | 79 | 58.8 | 64.3 | 71.7 | 70.2 | 62.4 | |
| SourcePretrain=MAE, Backbone=ViT-Base2026.03 | 56.8 | 56.8 | 57.5 | 46.9 | 35.6 | 53.1 | 44.8 | 62.2 | 62.6 | 65.7 | 77.7 | 32.6 | 46 | 67 | 67.6 | 55.5 | |
| IMSEPretrain=CLIP, Backbone=ViT-Base2026.03 | 55.5 | 57.7 | 57.6 | 55.3 | 58.2 | 65.5 | 65.4 | 69.1 | 65.7 | 71.8 | 79.9 | 64.6 | 70.3 | 74.1 | 71.4 | 65.5 | |
| TENTPretrain=CLIP, Backbone=ViT-Base, reproduced=true2026.03 | 55.4 | 57.6 | 57.6 | 50.7 | 51.9 | 59.5 | 54.2 | 64.6 | 57.5 | 68.5 | 80.1 | 63 | 6.8 | 72.3 | 70 | 58 | |
| DPALPretrain=CLIP, Backbone=ViT-Base, reproduced=true2026.03 | 55 | 57.3 | 57 | 51.4 | 54 | 60 | 50.9 | 65.9 | 62.7 | 69.2 | 79.7 | 62.8 | 64.8 | 72.8 | 70.7 | 62.3 | |
| SARPretrain=CLIP, Backbone=ViT-Base, reproduced=true2026.03 | 54.9 | 57 | 57.1 | 50.5 | 53.4 | 59.7 | 55.3 | 64.5 | 60.6 | 67.7 | 78.2 | 62.3 | 63.1 | 71.6 | 69.4 | 61.7 | |
| EATAPretrain=Supervised, Backbone=ViT-Base2026.03 | 54.8 | 55.3 | 55.6 | 58 | 59.1 | 63.4 | 61.5 | 67.7 | 66.2 | 73.2 | 77.9 | 68 | 68.4 | 73.1 | 70.3 | 64.8 | |
| AdaContrastPretrain=Supervised, Backbone=ViT-Base2026.03 | 54.4 | 55.8 | 55.8 | 52.5 | 42.2 | 58.7 | 54.3 | 64.6 | 60.1 | 66.4 | 76.8 | 53.7 | 61.7 | 71.9 | 69.6 | 59.9 | |
| DePT-GPretrain=Supervised, Backbone=ViT-Base2026.03 | 53.7 | 55.7 | 55.8 | 58.2 | 56 | 61.8 | 57.1 | 69.2 | 66.6 | 72.2 | 76.3 | 63.2 | 67.9 | 71.8 | 68.2 | 63.6 | |
| DDAPretrain=Supervised, Backbone=ViT-Base2026.03 | 52.5 | 54 | 52.1 | 33.8 | 40.6 | 33.3 | 30.2 | 29.7 | 35 | 5 | 48.6 | 2.7 | 50 | 60 | 58.8 | 39.1 | |
| EATA + clipε-DP=∞, Backbone=ConvNeXt Tiny2026.06 | 48.4 | 49.5 | 50.3 | 42.5 | 41 | 49.9 | 51.8 | 57.9 | 57.8 | 62.2 | 76.2 | 53.3 | 58.7 | 66.2 | 67.4 | 55.6 | |
| EATAε-DP=∞, Backbone=ConvNeXt Tiny2026.06 | 48.3 | 49.7 | 50.2 | 44.4 | 41.8 | 49.9 | 51.1 | 56.8 | 57.3 | 63.6 | 76.8 | 39.9 | 52.3 | 64.1 | 66.3 | 54.2 | |
| SourcePretrain=Supervised, Backbone=ViT-Base2026.03 | 46.9 | 47.6 | 46.9 | 42.7 | 34.2 | 50.5 | 44.7 | 56.9 | 52.6 | 56.5 | 76.1 | 31.8 | 46.7 | 65.5 | 66 | 51 | |
| Tent + clipε-DP=∞, Backbone=ConvNeXt Tiny2026.06 | 46.6 | 48.1 | 48.4 | 43.7 | 7.1 | 47.8 | 43.8 | 54.8 | 53.9 | 60.6 | 76.6 | 55.9 | 1.6 | 64.6 | 67.3 | 48.1 | |
| Tentε-DP=∞, Backbone=ConvNeXt Tiny2026.06 | 46.3 | 47.5 | 48.1 | 45.1 | 5.4 | 48.5 | 36.9 | 53.9 | 36.1 | 61.5 | 76.3 | 58 | 1.8 | 63.6 | 65.8 | 46.3 | |
| DP-Tentε-DP=20, Backbone=ConvNeXt Tiny2026.06 | 44.7 | 46.3 | 46.6 | 41.4 | 17.3 | 45.4 | 45.1 | 50.9 | 49.3 | 57.2 | 75.7 | 53.9 | 3 | 62.6 | 65.9 | 47 | |
| DP-Tentε-DP=15, Backbone=ConvNeXt Tiny2026.06 | 44.7 | 46.3 | 46.5 | 41.4 | 17.6 | 45.4 | 45 | 50.9 | 49.2 | 57.2 | 75.6 | 53.8 | 3 | 62.6 | 65.9 | 47 | |
| DP-EATAε-DP=20, Backbone=ConvNeXt Tiny2026.06 | 44.7 | 46.3 | 46.6 | 41.5 | 17.6 | 45.4 | 45 | 50.9 | 49.3 | 57.1 | 75.6 | 53.9 | 3.1 | 62.6 | 65.9 | 47 | |
| DP-EATAε-DP=15, Backbone=ConvNeXt Tiny2026.06 | 44.6 | 46.3 | 46.5 | 41.4 | 17.9 | 45.4 | 45 | 50.9 | 49.3 | 57.1 | 75.5 | 53.8 | 3.1 | 62.6 | 65.8 | 47 | |
| DP-Tentε-DP=10, Backbone=ConvNeXt Tiny2026.06 | 44.5 | 46.3 | 46.4 | 41.2 | 18.3 | 45.2 | 44.9 | 50.7 | 49 | 57.1 | 75.6 | 53.6 | 3 | 62.5 | 65.7 | 46.9 | |
| DP-EATAε-DP=10, Backbone=ConvNeXt Tiny2026.06 | 44.5 | 46.2 | 46.4 | 41.2 | 18.4 | 45.2 | 44.9 | 50.7 | 49 | 57 | 75.5 | 53.6 | 3.1 | 62.5 | 65.7 | 46.9 | |
| DP-Tentε-DP=5, Backbone=ConvNeXt Tiny2026.06 | 43.9 | 45.8 | 45.9 | 40.1 | 20.6 | 44.2 | 44.2 | 50.1 | 46 | 56.6 | 75.3 | 52.4 | 3.1 | 62 | 65.4 | 46.4 | |
| DP-EATAε-DP=5, Backbone=ConvNeXt Tiny2026.06 | 43.9 | 45.7 | 45.9 | 40.2 | 20.8 | 44.2 | 44.1 | 50 | 46.2 | 56.5 | 75.3 | 52.5 | 3.1 | 62 | 65.4 | 46.4 | |
| Sourceε-DP=∞, Backbone=ConvNeXt Tiny2026.06 | 41.6 | 41.1 | 41.5 | 35.4 | 15.9 | 37.1 | 37.2 | 43.4 | 53.2 | 45 | 73.3 | 41.9 | 25.2 | 56.3 | 60.6 | 43.2 | |
| DP-Tentε-DP=1, Backbone=ConvNeXt Tiny2026.06 | 40.5 | 41.9 | 42.2 | 37.9 | 19.8 | 38.7 | 39.9 | 43.6 | 43 | 47.9 | 73.4 | 46.6 | 20.5 | 58.8 | 62.1 | 43.8 | |
| DP-EATAε-DP=1, Backbone=ConvNeXt Tiny2026.06 | 40.5 | 41.9 | 42.2 | 37.9 | 19.8 | 38.8 | 39.9 | 43.6 | 43 | 47.9 | 73.4 | 46.5 | 20.9 | 58.8 | 62.1 | 43.8 | |
| CoTTAPretrain=Supervised, Backbone=ViT-Base2026.03 | 40.3 | 31.8 | 39.6 | 35.5 | 33.1 | 46.9 | 37.3 | 2.9 | 46.4 | 59.1 | 71.7 | 55.5 | 46.4 | 59.4 | 59 | 44.4 | |
| SourcePretrain=CLIP, Backbone=ViT-Base2026.03 | 35.2 | 36.6 | 38.7 | 31.8 | 25.6 | 43.9 | 36.2 | 51.6 | 50.3 | 46.9 | 76.6 | 21.6 | 34.3 | 51.7 | 60.8 | 42.8 | |
| T3APretrain=Supervised, Backbone=ViT-Base2026.03 | 16.6 | 11.8 | 16.4 | 29.9 | 24.3 | 34.5 | 28.5 | 15.9 | 27 | 49.1 | 56.1 | 44.8 | 33.3 | 45.1 | 49.4 | 32.2 |