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Multi-bit LLM Watermarking on Gemma2-9B-Base Max 256 Tokens

1AUCWorldCup
0.8960.9230.950.977Feb 2, 2026

Evaluation results

MethodLinks
WorldCupBit Length=16 bits, k=1, Time (s)=0.0112026.02195.15.719
SegMarkBit Length=16 bits, Time (s)=2.4022026.020.99997.710.94
BiMarkBit Length=16 bits, Time (s)=0.0392026.020.99995.59.625
WorldCupBit Length=24 bits, k=2, Time (s)=0.0122026.020.99992.58.625
WorldCupBit Length=16 bits, k=2, Time (s)=0.0122026.020.99895.68.906
WorldCupBit Length=24 bits, k=1, Time (s)=0.0132026.020.99891.65.844
WorldCupBit Length=32 bits, k=1, Time (s)=0.0132026.020.99588.55.906
WorldCupBit Length=32 bits, k=2, Time (s)=0.0132026.020.99490.58.688
WorldCupBit Length=48 bits, k=1, Time (s)=0.0142026.020.99482.25.656
BiMarkBit Length=24 bits, Time (s)=0.0432026.020.9992.19.938
BiMarkBit Length=32 bits, Time (s)=0.0412026.020.98986.59.938
WorldCupBit Length=48 bits, k=2, Time (s)=0.0152026.020.98985.19.063
MPACBit Length=16 bits, Time (s)=0.072026.020.9859412
BiMarkBit Length=48 bits, Time (s)=0.042026.020.97576.710.03
SegMarkBit Length=24 bits, Time (s)=2.8532026.020.97492.210.13
MPACBit Length=24 bits, Time (s)=0.072026.020.95990.512
SegMarkBit Length=32 bits, Time (s)=3.3622026.020.95586.810.25
MPACBit Length=32 bits, Time (s)=0.0742026.020.9486.911.63
MPACBit Length=48 bits, Time (s)=0.0762026.020.91482.112.19
SegMarkBit Length=48 bits, Time (s)=3.3822026.020.969.79.938