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Multi-bit LLM Watermarking on Gemma2-9B-Base Max 128 Tokens

1AUCBiMark
0.76080.82290.8850.9471Feb 2, 2026

Evaluation results

MethodLinks
BiMarkBit Length=16 bits, Time (s)=0.0312026.02192.911.06
WorldCupBit Length=16 bits, k=2, Time (s)=0.0082026.020.99893.110.84
BiMarkBit Length=24 bits, Time (s)=0.032026.020.99887.511.63
WorldCupBit Length=24 bits, k=1, Time (s)=0.0082026.020.998887.078
WorldCupBit Length=24 bits, k=2, Time (s)=0.0082026.020.99889.410.44
BiMarkBit Length=32 bits, Time (s)=0.0312026.020.99680.612
WorldCupBit Length=32 bits, k=2, Time (s)=0.0092026.020.99585.910.94
WorldCupBit Length=16 bits, k=1, Time (s)=0.0082026.020.99390.96.75
WorldCupBit Length=48 bits, k=2, Time (s)=0.012026.020.9938010.34
WorldCupBit Length=32 bits, k=1, Time (s)=0.0082026.020.9984.27.094
WorldCupBit Length=48 bits, k=1, Time (s)=0.0092026.020.98776.86.875
BiMarkBit Length=48 bits, Time (s)=0.0292026.020.98568.811.53
MPACBit Length=16 bits, Time (s)=0.0452026.020.989213.69
SegMarkBit Length=16 bits, Time (s)=1.2342026.020.97989.513.19
MPACBit Length=24 bits, Time (s)=0.0442026.020.97287.513.69
MPACBit Length=32 bits, Time (s)=0.0462026.020.94783.713.81
MPACBit Length=48 bits, Time (s)=0.0482026.020.9367714
SegMarkBit Length=24 bits, Time (s)=1.672026.020.84973.413.19
SegMarkBit Length=32 bits, Time (s)=1.7512026.020.82469.112.75
SegMarkBit Length=48 bits, Time (s)=2.6682026.020.776013.38