ResearchBenchmarksMaxwell equation reconstruction on Random Maxwell 4D (val)Maxwell equation reconstruction on Random Maxwell 4D (val)Follow23.6Validation ErrorQPINN20.421641.875863.3384.7842May 19, 2026Evaluation resultsMethodMethodLinksValidation ErrorResidual ErrorCompute Time (s)QPINNBC=Yes, Device=A100BC=Yes, Device=A1002026.0523.63.83956.27QPINNBC=No, Device=A100BC=No, Device=A1002026.0537.34.46913.69Evo-PINNBC=No, Device=CPUBC=No, Device=CPU2026.0573.92.92,549Evo-PINNBC=Yes, Device=CPUBC=Yes, Device=CPU2026.05103.069.920.95