ResearchBenchmarksMaxwell equation reconstruction on Hopf Maxwell 4D (val)Maxwell equation reconstruction on Hopf Maxwell 4D (val)Follow8.71Validation ErrorQPINN5.70425.994546.28566.5755May 19, 2026Evaluation resultsMethodMethodLinksValidation ErrorResidual ErrorCompute Time (s)QPINNBC=No, Device=A100BC=No, Device=A1002026.058.714.841,186.49QPINNBC=Yes, Device=A100BC=Yes, Device=A1002026.0536.926.42379.71Evo-PINNBC=No, Device=CPUBC=No, Device=CPU2026.0546.881.973.1Evo-PINNBC=Yes, Device=CPUBC=Yes, Device=CPU2026.0583.86118.85