Image Classification on ImageNet-C Severity 5 (test)
13.01Mean Error Rate (Severity 5)NOTE
Evaluation results
| Method | Links | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NOTEBackbone=ResNet26, Venue=NIPS’222025.06 | 13.01 | 3.88 | 7.66 | 13.6 | 0.09 | 2.53 | 3.16 | 11.99 | 11.62 | 21.53 | 11.22 | 47.89 | 2.48 | 16.79 | 14.87 | 25.82 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SourceBackbone=ResNet26, Adaptation=None2025.06 | 14.28 | 2.06 | 3.04 | 2.58 | 11.66 | 6.86 | 10.74 | 20.72 | 10.56 | 15.38 | 15.94 | 51.78 | 2.6 | 11.2 | 17.76 | 31.36 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| MEMOBackbone=ResNet26, Venue=NIPS’222025.06 | 15.71 | 1.37 | 2.11 | 1.54 | 9.65 | 8.23 | 12.49 | 23.04 | 16.01 | 18.44 | 18.63 | 51.25 | 3.29 | 15.38 | 24 | 30.19 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| RoTTABackbone=ResNet26, Venue=CVPR’232025.06 | 20.08 | 9.42 | 14.21 | 13.89 | 9.47 | 11.83 | 16.97 | 30.91 | 13.66 | 23.61 | 30.81 | 56.82 | 3.01 | 25.55 | 15.44 | 25.58 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TentBackbone=ResNet-50-GN, Scenario=Label Shifts2026.06 | 21.15 | 1.67 | 2.02 | 2.01 | 12.17 | 2.14 | 23 | 13.74 | 8.86 | 13.69 | 1 | 73 | 48.44 | 3.51 | 54.9 | 57.18 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CoTTABackbone=ResNet26, Venue=CVPR’222025.06 | 24.03 | 11.46 | 12.72 | 11.21 | 9.97 | 11.04 | 16.68 | 30.03 | 26.47 | 26.17 | 35.7 | 59.65 | 7.82 | 37.29 | 38.41 | 25.76 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DMNBackbone=ViT-B-16, Severity Level=52026.01 | 24.16 | 11.5 | 14.14 | 14 | 22.32 | 15.78 | 24.56 | 22.54 | 31.52 | 30.36 | 35.34 | 54.24 | 16.3 | 12.48 | 32.52 | 24.79 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SourceBackbone=ViT-B-16, Severity Level=52026.01 | 24.54 | 11.14 | 12.54 | 12.06 | 23.34 | 15.26 | 24.44 | 22.72 | 32.36 | 29.86 | 35.94 | 54.08 | 17.26 | 12.7 | 31 | 33.34 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| MEMOBackbone=ViT-B-16, Severity Level=52026.01 | 24.63 | 11.08 | 12.38 | 12.02 | 23.54 | 15.44 | 24.6 | 22.9 | 32.54 | 30.06 | 35.94 | 54.02 | 17.46 | 12.8 | 31.24 | 33.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| RoTTABackbone=ViT-B-16, Severity Level=52026.01 | 24.71 | 11.44 | 13.08 | 12.36 | 23.46 | 15.48 | 24.66 | 22.78 | 32.6 | 29.92 | 35.86 | 54.18 | 17.34 | 12.92 | 31.02 | 33.52 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TPTBackbone=ViT-B-16, Severity Level=52026.01 | 24.85 | 8.54 | 9.44 | 10.16 | 24.06 | 15.06 | 25 | 24.04 | 33.96 | 32.18 | 37.08 | 55.52 | 16.52 | 13.68 | 33.9 | 33.56 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ZEROBackbone=ViT-B-16, Severity Level=52026.01 | 24.9 | 10.5 | 11.5 | 11.12 | 24.78 | 14.88 | 24.36 | 23.28 | 33.04 | 30.4 | 37.06 | 54.52 | 16.9 | 13.4 | 34.9 | 32.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ECALPBackbone=ViT-B-16, Severity Level=52026.01 | 25.16 | 13.34 | 15.58 | 14.1 | 22.56 | 15.56 | 25.52 | 23.64 | 30.96 | 30.02 | 35.78 | 52.08 | 18.34 | 13.52 | 33.14 | 33.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TENTBackbone=ViT-B-16, Severity Level=52026.01 | 25.18 | 5.2 | 5.68 | 7.42 | 25.3 | 19.34 | 26.86 | 24.16 | 33.52 | 30.54 | 37.8 | 54.32 | 22.52 | 13.9 | 35.08 | 36.02 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| BN AdaptBackbone=ResNet26, Venue=NIPS’202025.06 | 25.18 | 11.59 | 13.47 | 11.45 | 10.81 | 12.8 | 20.07 | 32.41 | 27.76 | 28.21 | 38.63 | 58.96 | 7.86 | 38.17 | 38.75 | 26.79 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SARBackbone=ResNet26, Venue=ICLR’232025.06 | 25.46 | 11.15 | 13.03 | 11.33 | 10.77 | 12.37 | 19.89 | 32.89 | 28.17 | 28.67 | 38.45 | 59.84 | 8.51 | 39.28 | 39.97 | 27.61 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SANTABackbone=ResNet26, Venue=TMLR’232025.06 | 25.47 | 11.2 | 13.3 | 11.4 | 11.39 | 12.28 | 19.77 | 32.58 | 28.19 | 29.27 | 38.81 | 59.45 | 8.05 | 38.45 | 39.91 | 28.06 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TentBackbone=ResNet26, Venue=ICLR’212025.06 | 25.57 | 11.76 | 13.4 | 12.05 | 11.24 | 12.35 | 19.98 | 32.7 | 27.92 | 28.36 | 39.08 | 59.27 | 8.09 | 39.01 | 40.07 | 28.33 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| VTEBackbone=ViT-B-16, Severity Level=52026.01 | 25.61 | 9.18 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 24.7 | 14.36 | 24.28 | 25.2 | 35.4 | 32.44 | 38.2 | 55.52 | 16.2 | 14.34 | 38.68 | 34.04 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ViDABackbone=ResNet26, Venue=ICLR’242025.06 | 26.03 | 11.88 | 13.13 | 11.89 | 10.87 | 12.19 | 19.7 | 33.18 | 27.82 | 29.22 | 40.23 | 59.92 | 9.55 | 39.45 | 41.25 | 30.15 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| EATABackbone=ResNet26, Venue=ICML’222025.06 | 26.07 | 10.91 | 13.32 | 11.9 | 10.93 | 12.61 | 19.96 | 33.05 | 28.6 | 29.17 | 40.42 | 60.57 | 9.03 | 39.71 | 41.15 | 29.65 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| WATTBackbone=ViT-B-16, Severity Level=52026.01 | 26.18 | 11.18 | 12.78 | 13.02 | 25.12 | 18.08 | 26.9 | 25.22 | 33.42 | 30.22 | 37.4 | 53.96 | 21.84 | 15.16 | 33.46 | 34.94 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TDABackbone=ViT-B-16, Severity Level=52026.01 | 26.22 | 12.42 | 14.8 | 14.8 | 23.7 | 16.7 | 26.06 | 23.98 | 33.54 | 32.1 | 38 | 55.28 | 19.32 | 14.18 | 33.46 | 34.98 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DeYOBackbone=ResNet26, Venue=ICLR’242025.06 | 26.46 | 11.47 | 13.2 | 11.86 | 10.71 | 12.55 | 19.29 | 33.11 | 28.97 | 29.81 | 42.01 | 59.39 | 10.15 | 39.78 | 41.93 | 32.65 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| NoAdaptBackbone=All models2025.09 | 29 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| MINTBackbone=ViT-B-16, Severity Level=52026.01 | 29.18 | 19.68 | 20.36 | 19.44 | 26.88 | 21.52 | 29.88 | 25.96 | 32.68 | 29.38 | 38.84 | 55.1 | 24.3 | 19.06 | 36.38 | 38.24 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ViTBase-LNBackbone=ViTBase-LN, Scenario=Label Shifts2026.06 | 29.9 | 9.42 | 6.73 | 8.32 | 29.11 | 23.41 | 34.03 | 27.01 | 15.8 | 26.3 | 47.41 | 54.72 | 43.9 | 30.5 | 44.5 | 47.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| VitBase-LNBackbone=VitBase-LN, Scenario=Batch Size 12026.06 | 29.91 | 9.51 | 6.7 | 8.21 | 28.88 | 23.4 | 33.91 | 27.11 | 15.9 | 26.48 | 47.2 | 54.7 | 44.11 | 30.51 | 44.5 | 47.81 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| BATCLIPBackbone=ViT-B-16, Severity Level=52026.01 | 30.06 | 19.48 | 21.02 | 19.3 | 25.92 | 21.26 | 29.96 | 28.52 | 35.22 | 31.38 | 40.24 | 55.2 | 25.68 | 23.72 | 36.82 | 37.22 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ResNet-50-GNBackbone=ResNet-50-GN, Scenario=Batch Size 12026.06 | 30.6 | 18.01 | 19.78 | 17.91 | 19.8 | 11.41 | 21.39 | 24.9 | 40.41 | 47.29 | 33.6 | 69.31 | 36.31 | 18.59 | 28.41 | 52.29 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ResNet-50-GNBackbone=ResNet-50-GN, Scenario=Label Shifts2026.06 | 30.6 | 17.9 | 19.9 | 17.9 | 19.7 | 11.3 | 21.3 | 24.9 | 40.4 | 47.4 | 33.6 | 69.2 | 36.3 | 18.7 | 28.4 | 52.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TentBackbone=ResNet-50-GN, Scenario=Batch Size 12026.06 | 30.65 | 28.85 | 35.95 | 33.49 | 16.67 | 7.19 | 27.35 | 30.14 | 17.97 | 25.2 | 2.27 | 71.88 | 46.24 | 7.36 | 52.72 | 56.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| No Adapt.Severity Level=5, Imbalance Ratio=∞, Scenario=Online imbalanced label shifts2026.06 | 31.5 | 16.7 | 11.9 | 16.3 | 29.3 | 23.6 | 33.9 | 27.3 | 15.9 | 26.5 | 47.2 | 54.9 | 44.1 | 30.9 | 45 | 48.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| No Adapt.Batch Size=1, Severity=52026.06 | 31.6 | 16.8 | 12 | 16.5 | 29.2 | 23.6 | 34 | 27.3 | 15.8 | 26.6 | 47.5 | 55.4 | 44.3 | 31 | 45.1 | 49.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| No Adapt.scenario=mild2026.06 | 31.6 | 16.8 | 12 | 16.5 | 29.2 | 23.6 | 34 | 27.3 | 15.8 | 26.6 | 47.5 | 55.4 | 44.3 | 31 | 45.1 | 49.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SubTTABackbone=ViT-B-16, Severity Level=52026.01 | 32.15 | 21.16 | 22.88 | 21.44 | 25.34 | 24.82 | 30.7 | 29.64 | 37.24 | 35.9 | 41.26 | 56.96 | 29.74 | 29.4 | 37.58 | 38.18 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| T3ABackbone=ViT-B/16, Adaptation=Online TTA2025.12 | 32.2 | 16.6 | 11.8 | 16.4 | 29.9 | 24.3 | 34.5 | 28.5 | 15.9 | 27 | 49.1 | 56.1 | 44.8 | 33.3 | 45.1 | 49.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| LinearTCABatch Size=1, Severity=52026.06 | 32.8 | 17.9 | 13 | 17.4 | 29.8 | 24.2 | 35.7 | 28.8 | 17 | 27.8 | 49.8 | 56 | 45.8 | 33 | 46 | 49.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| LinearTCAscenario=mild2026.06 | 32.8 | 17.9 | 13 | 17.4 | 29.8 | 24.2 | 35.7 | 28.8 | 17 | 27.8 | 49.8 | 56 | 45.8 | 33 | 46 | 49.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| LinearTCASeverity Level=5, Imbalance Ratio=∞, Adaptation Protocol=Online TTA2026.06 | 32.9 | 18 | 13 | 17.4 | 30.1 | 24.4 | 36 | 29 | 17.2 | 28 | 50 | 55.6 | 45.9 | 33.1 | 46.2 | 49.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TentBackbone=All models2025.09 | 33.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SARBackbone=ResNet-50-GN, Scenario=Batch Size 12026.06 | 35.82 | 28.51 | 30.91 | 29.27 | 18.5 | 15.34 | 28.8 | 30.53 | 44.47 | 44.27 | 32.94 | 72.03 | 44.67 | 13.16 | 47.7 | 56.23 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CLIPBackbone=ResNet26, Venue=ICML’252025.06 | 35.89 | 22.94 | 23.2 | 24.06 | 31.5 | 19.8 | 35.84 | 33.58 | 45 | 39.34 | 47.26 | 62.88 | 34.54 | 25.74 | 50.68 | 42.02 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SARBackbone=ResNet-50-GN, Scenario=Label Shifts2026.06 | 35.89 | 28.71 | 31.19 | 29.39 | 18.52 | 15.1 | 28.71 | 29.84 | 42.86 | 44.33 | 35.32 | 72.07 | 44.65 | 14.4 | 47.04 | 56.22 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SARBackbone=All models2025.09 | 38 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| no_adaptbatch size=12025.12 | 38.88 | 34.93 | 33.67 | 36.41 | 32.38 | 22.22 | 36.61 | 31.1 | 22.15 | 26.73 | 53.16 | 61.17 | 50.27 | 31.96 | 54.52 | 55.87 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| no_adaptBackbone=ViT-B/16, Scenario=Mild Scenario, Corruption Severity=52025.12 | 38.88 | 34.93 | 33.67 | 36.41 | 32.38 | 22.22 | 36.61 | 31.1 | 22.15 | 26.73 | 53.16 | 61.17 | 50.27 | 31.96 | 54.52 | 55.87 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| NOTEbatch size=12025.12 | 38.95 | 35.25 | 33.56 | 36.13 | 32.53 | 22.42 | 36.82 | 30.91 | 22.47 | 27.08 | 53.43 | 61.41 | 50.15 | 31.87 | 54.39 | 55.83 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DDABackbone=ViT-B/16, Adaptation=Online TTA2025.12 | 39.1 | 52.5 | 54 | 52.1 | 33.8 | 40.6 | 33.3 | 30.2 | 29.7 | 35 | 5 | 48.6 | 2.7 | 50 | 60 | 58.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| NOTEBackbone=ViT-B/16, Scenario=Mild Scenario, Corruption Severity=52025.12 | 39.15 | 35.11 | 33.86 | 36.58 | 32.71 | 22.39 | 36.92 | 31.3 | 22.33 | 26.9 | 53.14 | 62.25 | 51.18 | 32.04 | 54.64 | 55.95 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| MEMObatch size=12025.12 | 39.97 | 37.31 | 35.19 | 39.04 | 32.13 | 22.57 | 38.44 | 31.81 | 23.78 | 28.87 | 52.91 | 62.27 | 52.3 | 31.96 | 54.77 | 56.27 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DeYOBackbone=ResNet-50-GN, Scenario=Label Shifts2026.06 | 41.65 | 40.27 | 43.58 | 41.75 | 22.42 | 22.69 | 40.93 | 14.63 | 53.19 | 51.78 | 1.03 | 72.89 | 52.93 | 47.81 | 59.48 | 59.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| NaiveBackbone=ResNet-50-GN, Scenario=Label Shifts2026.06 | 41.74 | 41.37 | 44.24 | 42.43 | 22.52 | 23.21 | 40.95 | 12.46 | 52.49 | 51.83 | 1.39 | 73.3 | 52.91 | 47.81 | 59.53 | 59.59 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| KLBackbone=ResNet-50-GN, Scenario=Label Shifts2026.06 | 42.26 | 42.49 | 44.87 | 43.56 | 22.92 | 23.7 | 40.76 | 17.59 | 53.07 | 52.03 | 1.87 | 73.38 | 52.93 | 46.28 | 59.18 | 59.28 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SVGDBackbone=ResNet-50-GN, Scenario=Label Shifts2026.06 | 42.49 | 42.43 | 44.82 | 43.66 | 22.98 | 23.54 | 40.74 | 17.55 | 53.11 | 51.97 | 4.31 | 73.51 | 52.97 | 46.82 | 59.38 | 59.58 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| COMEBackbone=All models2025.09 | 43 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| GradBackbone=ResNet-50-GN, Scenario=Label Shifts2026.06 | 43.27 | 42.42 | 44.8 | 43.64 | 22.95 | 23.59 | 40.79 | 17.53 | 53.09 | 51.97 | 15.79 | 73.5 | 53 | 46.92 | 59.41 | 59.61 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DEYOBackbone=All models2025.09 | 43.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CoDiReBackbone=ResNet262025.06 | 43.97 | 27.36 | 29.55 | 30.1 | 35.59 | 25.77 | 42.13 | 43.97 | 52.17 | 48.17 | 57.73 | 72.38 | 39.71 | 41.95 | 60.57 | 52.39 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CoTTABackbone=ViT-B/16, Adaptation=Online TTA2025.12 | 44.4 | 40.3 | 31.8 | 39.6 | 35.5 | 33.1 | 46.9 | 37.3 | 2.9 | 46.4 | 59.1 | 71.7 | 55.5 | 46.4 | 59.4 | 59 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DeYOBackbone=ResNet-50-GN, Scenario=Batch Size 12026.06 | 44.4 | 41.97 | 44.21 | 43.03 | 21.81 | 23.28 | 40.87 | 26.1 | 53.24 | 51.22 | 35.13 | 72.39 | 52.5 | 42.44 | 59.1 | 58.73 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FOAAccess=Gray-box, Model=ViT-B/16, Severity=52026.04 | 44.9 | 57 | 58.5 | 57.8 | 51.7 | 35 | 37.1 | 27.2 | 20.2 | 11.9 | 72.2 | 76.8 | 0.6 | 39.1 | 66.7 | 67 | — | — | — | — | — | — | -10.6 | — | — | — | — | |
| NaiveBackbone=ResNet-50-GN, Scenario=Batch Size 12026.06 | 45.01 | 42.54 | 44.95 | 43.61 | 22.47 | 23.97 | 41 | 30.9 | 53.7 | 51.66 | 27.93 | 73.37 | 52.89 | 47.01 | 59.66 | 59.53 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SVGDBackbone=ResNet-50-GN, Scenario=Batch Size 12026.06 | 45.11 | 42.57 | 44.9 | 43.79 | 22.72 | 24.2 | 40.89 | 32.04 | 53.4 | 51.69 | 28.41 | 73.34 | 53 | 46.39 | 59.64 | 59.62 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| MEMOBackbone=ViT-B/16, Scenario=Mild Scenario, Corruption Severity=52025.12 | 45.38 | 43.78 | 43.25 | 45.83 | 32.9 | 28.46 | 45.67 | 38.25 | 30.08 | 34.63 | 54.8 | 69.99 | 56.43 | 34.47 | 62.56 | 59.61 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SARbatch size=12025.12 | 45.51 | 40.32 | 39.79 | 42.77 | 38.73 | 27.73 | 45.13 | 36.85 | 30.86 | 36.04 | 58.06 | 68.43 | 56.47 | 37.16 | 63.34 | 60.95 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| KLBackbone=ResNet-50-GN, Scenario=Batch Size 12026.06 | 45.58 | 42.5 | 44.74 | 43.7 | 22.5 | 24.06 | 40.77 | 35.05 | 53.67 | 51.8 | 32.44 | 73.33 | 52.97 | 47.02 | 59.55 | 59.58 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| GradBackbone=ResNet-50-GN, Scenario=Batch Size 12026.06 | 46.9 | 42.73 | 44.99 | 43.88 | 22.49 | 24.32 | 41.07 | 25.63 | 54.1 | 52.03 | 58.88 | 73.33 | 53.28 | 47.69 | 59.41 | 59.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| EATABatch Size=1, Severity=52026.06 | 47.2 | 36.4 | 30.7 | 35.4 | 44.7 | 40 | 46.4 | 41.8 | 38.5 | 39.1 | 61.8 | 65.9 | 61.6 | 47.1 | 59.7 | 59.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| EATABackbone=All models2025.09 | 47.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DeYOBackbone=ViT-B/16, Normalization=LN, Severity Level=52026.03 | 47.73 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| AcTTAETABackbone=ViT-B/16, Normalization=LN, Severity Level=52026.03 | 48.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Tentbatch size=12025.12 | 49.19 | 47.15 | 46.4 | 47.51 | 45.19 | 34.01 | 47.57 | 39.52 | 37.29 | 40.03 | 58.97 | 69.43 | 60.61 | 39.88 | 62.76 | 61.49 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| AcTTADeYOBackbone=ViT-B/16, Normalization=LN, Severity Level=52026.03 | 49.64 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ETABackbone=ViT-B/16, Normalization=LN, Severity Level=52026.03 | 49.84 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| AcTTAROIDBackbone=ViT-B/16, Normalization=LN, Severity Level=52026.03 | 49.89 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ZeroSiamBackbone=All models2025.09 | 50.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| EATASeverity Level=5, Imbalance Ratio=∞, Adaptation Protocol=Online TTA2026.06 | 50.1 | 39.3 | 37.6 | 38.9 | 44.1 | 45.2 | 44.4 | 46.8 | 54.7 | 54.1 | 60 | 72.5 | 25.9 | 58 | 66.3 | 64 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| AcTTACMFBackbone=ViT-B/16, Normalization=LN, Severity Level=52026.03 | 50.44 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CMFBackbone=ViT-B/16, Normalization=LN, Severity Level=52026.03 | 50.85 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SourceBackbone=ViT-B/16, Adaptation=None2025.12 | 51 | 46.9 | 47.6 | 46.9 | 42.7 | 34.2 | 50.5 | 44.7 | 56.9 | 52.6 | 56.5 | 76.1 | 31.8 | 46.7 | 65.5 | 66 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TentBatch Size=1, Severity=52026.06 | 51 | 44.7 | 42.9 | 45.4 | 52.5 | 48.1 | 55.5 | 50.6 | 15.6 | 18.6 | 66.6 | 75.1 | 64.9 | 52.9 | 67.1 | 64.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Tentscenario=mild2026.06 | 51.2 | 44.6 | 42.8 | 45.2 | 52.1 | 47.8 | 55.3 | 50.3 | 18.1 | 21.2 | 66.4 | 75 | 64.8 | 52.7 | 66.9 | 64.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TentBackbone=VitBase-LN, Scenario=Batch Size 12026.06 | 51.58 | 51.15 | 51.78 | 52.5 | 52.18 | 47.68 | 56.28 | 49.06 | 8.78 | 15.92 | 67.25 | 73.45 | 66.64 | 52.09 | 64.93 | 63.98 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| AcTTATENTBackbone=ViT-B/16, Normalization=LN, Severity Level=52026.03 | 51.79 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TentBackbone=ViT-B/16, Scenario=Mild Scenario, Corruption Severity=52025.12 | 51.87 | 51.93 | 52.77 | 53.05 | 52.59 | 45.53 | 54.89 | 48.07 | 17.33 | 19.79 | 66.34 | 73.19 | 65.06 | 46.44 | 66.57 | 64.53 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TentSeverity Level=5, Imbalance Ratio=∞, Adaptation Protocol=Online TTA2026.06 | 52.3 | 46.4 | 46.8 | 46.1 | 54.6 | 52.2 | 58.2 | 53 | 10.2 | 10.5 | 69.6 | 76.2 | 66.1 | 58.1 | 69.4 | 66.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ROIDBackbone=ViT-B/16, Normalization=LN, Severity Level=52026.03 | 52.91 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| EATAbatch size=12025.12 | 52.99 | 48.56 | 48.17 | 49.62 | 48.17 | 39.1 | 51.34 | 44.37 | 45.01 | 46 | 64.84 | 72.59 | 61.45 | 47.65 | 63.97 | 64.03 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TentBackbone=ViTBase-LN, Scenario=Label Shifts2026.06 | 53.1 | 53.41 | 53.16 | 54.36 | 54.34 | 52.46 | 58.74 | 52.83 | 4.29 | 7.04 | 69.46 | 74.92 | 67.42 | 59.97 | 67.89 | 66.13 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ROID + DO-ALLBackbone=ResNet-50, Severity=5, Adaptation=Online (DO-ALL)2026.06 | 53.6 | 68.9 | 60.5 | 60.5 | 69.2 | 65.8 | 56.6 | 48.4 | 51.5 | 56.9 | 42.3 | 32.8 | 58.9 | 44.6 | 41 | 45.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Tent + MixTTASeverity Level=5, Imbalance Ratio=∞, Adaptation Protocol=Online TTA2026.06 | 53.6 | 37.8 | 34 | 29.4 | 54.2 | 53.6 | 59.6 | 55.1 | 45.5 | 21 | 70.9 | 76.5 | 66.7 | 60.1 | 71 | 68.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TENTBackbone=ViT-B/16, Normalization=LN, Severity Level=52026.03 | 53.85 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SARBackbone=ViT-B/16, Normalization=LN, Severity Level=52026.03 | 53.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| EATA + MixTTASeverity Level=5, Imbalance Ratio=∞, Adaptation Protocol=Online TTA2026.06 | 53.9 | 47.9 | 46.2 | 48.9 | 50.3 | 52.6 | 31.6 | 54.2 | 62.9 | 60.6 | 58.7 | 76 | 19.1 | 62.6 | 71 | 66.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SARBackbone=ViT-B/16, Scenario=Mild Scenario, Corruption Severity=52025.12 | 53.97 | 51.93 | 52.9 | 53.06 | 52.66 | 47.08 | 54.88 | 48.42 | 26.6 | 34.87 | 66.28 | 72.79 | 64.67 | 50.8 | 66.4 | 64.36 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| LAMEAccess=Black-box, Model=ViT-B/16, Severity=52026.04 | 54.1 | 56.5 | 56.5 | 57.2 | 46.4 | 34.7 | 52.7 | 44.2 | 58.4 | 61.5 | 63.1 | 77.4 | 24.7 | 44.6 | 66.6 | 67.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | -1.4 | — | — | — | — | |
| AcTTASARBackbone=ViT-B/16, Normalization=LN, Severity Level=52026.03 | 54.17 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ZOO-CMAAccess=Black-box, Model=ViT-B/16, Severity=52026.04 | 54.5 | 58.2 | 59.6 | 60.3 | 50.8 | 38.6 | 55.2 | 45.7 | 58.5 | 59.6 | 59.7 | 76.7 | 4.1 | 49.8 | 71.2 | 70 | — | — | — | — | — | — | -1 | — | — | — | — | |
| ROIDBackbone=ResNet-50, Severity=5, Adaptation=Online2026.06 | 54.5 | 71.7 | 62.2 | 62.2 | 69.6 | 66.5 | 57.1 | 49.3 | 52.3 | 57.4 | 43.5 | 33.4 | 59.1 | 45.4 | 41.8 | 46.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |