Image Classification on ImageNet-C (level 5)
86.2Avg Top-1 Acc (ImageNet-C L5)Source
Evaluation results
| Method | Links | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SourceBackbone=ResNet-18, Pre-trained=Original ImageNet2021.12 | 86.2 | 51.1 | 97.2 | 90.6 | 85.3 | 86.3 | 85 | 98.4 | 93.4 | 98.4 | 71.7 | 89.8 | 76.9 | 97.7 | 89.5 | 81.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SourceBackbone=ResNet-18, Adaptation Mode=None2022.11 | 86.2 | 51.1 | 97.2 | 90.6 | 85.3 | 86.3 | 85 | 98.4 | 92.5 | 98.4 | 71.7 | 89.8 | 76.9 | 97.7 | 89.5 | 81.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TTTBackbone=ResNet-182021.12 | 83.6 | 53 | 85.6 | 89.9 | 79.1 | 80 | 82.1 | 96.9 | 93.2 | 96.5 | 74.7 | 86.5 | 77.2 | 95.5 | 82.9 | 81.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TTTBackbone=ResNet-18, Adaptation Mode=Online2022.11 | 83.6 | 53 | 85.6 | 89.9 | 79.1 | 80 | 82.1 | 96.9 | 93.2 | 96.5 | 74.7 | 86.5 | 77.2 | 95.5 | 82.9 | 81.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Source onlySource-free=true2022.11 | 82 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DUABackbone=ResNet-182021.12 | 78.2 | 45.6 | 95.9 | 88 | 72.2 | 68.6 | 78.4 | 89.4 | 88.6 | 88.1 | 67.4 | 84.7 | 66.5 | 87.6 | 77.8 | 74.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DUA*Backbone=ResNet-18, Adaptation Mode=Online2022.11 | 78.2 | 45.6 | 95.9 | 88 | 72.2 | 68.6 | 78.4 | 89.4 | 88.6 | 88.1 | 67.4 | 84.7 | 66.5 | 87.6 | 77.8 | 74.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| NORMBackbone=ResNet-182021.12 | 77.3 | 47.8 | 89.8 | 87.6 | 73.5 | 66.9 | 81.5 | 87.1 | 89.4 | 90.5 | 68.5 | 80 | 64.2 | 89.6 | 70.6 | 71.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| NORM*Backbone=ResNet-18, Adaptation Mode=Online2022.11 | 77.3 | 46.8 | 89.8 | 87.6 | 73.5 | 65.9 | 81.5 | 87.1 | 93.4 | 89.5 | 67.5 | 80 | 63.2 | 90.6 | 70.6 | 71.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| T3A*Backbone=ResNet-18, Adaptation Mode=Online2022.11 | 71.5 | 41.3 | 86.8 | 86.6 | 60.5 | 58.7 | 71 | 85.5 | 85.9 | 85 | 61 | 76.1 | 54.4 | 84 | 70.3 | 65.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| PCSRBackbone=ViT-L/16, Severity Level=52025.12 | 70.4 | 81.9 | 63.5 | 65.5 | 71.6 | 69.6 | 70.3 | 68.5 | 64.6 | 68.9 | 76.3 | 68.7 | 77.6 | 69.1 | 72.7 | 67.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SHOT (Online)Backbone=ResNet-18, Adaptation Mode=Online2022.11 | 69.3 | 39.4 | 85.9 | 83.9 | 58.1 | 54.8 | 68.6 | 83.9 | 83.8 | 83.7 | 62.3 | 72.6 | 53.1 | 82.3 | 65.7 | 61.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| BN-1Source-free=true2022.11 | 68.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| P-L*Backbone=ResNet-18, Adaptation Mode=Online2022.11 | 67.7 | 41.7 | 82.6 | 84.2 | 55.5 | 52.9 | 68.6 | 82 | 83 | 81.5 | 55.7 | 71 | 51.1 | 79.7 | 65.4 | 60.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TENT*Backbone=ResNet-18, Adaptation Mode=Online2022.11 | 67.2 | 39.2 | 84.2 | 82.5 | 55.5 | 52.1 | 66.7 | 80.8 | 82.5 | 80.4 | 58.2 | 72.1 | 50.8 | 78.6 | 63.7 | 60.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ActMADBackbone=ResNet-18, Adaptation Mode=Online2022.11 | 66 | 40.9 | 78.8 | 76.1 | 55.7 | 55.8 | 65.8 | 76.3 | 75.4 | 77.4 | 57.6 | 72 | 51.4 | 77.4 | 66.6 | 62.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CFABackbone=ResNet-18, Adaptation Mode=Online2022.11 | 65.9 | 41.5 | 79.5 | 81.9 | 54.3 | 52 | 67.6 | 78.2 | 80.4 | 78.2 | 55.1 | 69.6 | 50.2 | 76.4 | 63.4 | 60.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TENTBackbone=ViT-L/16, Severity Level=52025.12 | 65.6 | 81 | 28.9 | 63.4 | 64.7 | 67.4 | 68.5 | 65.6 | 59.9 | 67.6 | 74.7 | 66.8 | 77.2 | 68.3 | 69 | 60.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| AdaContrastSource-free=true, Updates=12022.11 | 65.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SARBackbone=ViT-L/16, Severity Level=52025.12 | 64 | 81 | 26.8 | 61.3 | 63.7 | 66.3 | 65.7 | 66 | 55.1 | 66.2 | 73.6 | 66.1 | 74.5 | 66.6 | 68.4 | 58.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| COTTASource-free=true, Updates=12022.11 | 62.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TENT-cont.Source-free=true, Updates=12022.11 | 62.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SHOT (Offline)Backbone=ResNet-18, Adaptation Mode=Offline2022.11 | 62.5 | 39.2 | 97.7 | 79.2 | 48.7 | 47.3 | 63 | 73.8 | 80.6 | 72.2 | 53 | 58.5 | 46.1 | 70.5 | 53.6 | 54 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SourceBackbone=ViT-L/16, Severity Level=52025.12 | 60.9 | 80.2 | 39.8 | 52.7 | 56.2 | 62.5 | 62.4 | 62.1 | 45.1 | 62.3 | 72.7 | 60.6 | 74.3 | 61.4 | 66.2 | 55.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| RMTSource-free=true, Updates=12022.11 | 59.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DeYOBackbone=ViT-Base2025.09 | 59.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| COMEBackbone=ViT-Base2025.09 | 58.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| RMTSource-free=false, Updates=12022.11 | 57.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| GTTA-MIXSource-free=false, Updates=42022.11 | 57.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| EATABackbone=ViT-Base2025.09 | 57.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ZeroSiamBackbone=ViT-Base2025.09 | 57.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| RMTSource-free=false, Updates=42022.11 | 56.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SARBackbone=ViT-Base2025.09 | 55.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ZeroSiamBatch Size=12025.09 | 52.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| APM (Ours)leveraged pre-trained weights on clean ImageNet=false, Backbone=ViT-L/142024.10 | 50.3 | 77.4 | 51.9 | 56.6 | 37.9 | 64.8 | 53.2 | 28.7 | 31.4 | 33 | 68.4 | 44.1 | 64.5 | 33.1 | 56.9 | 43.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SourceBackbone=ViT-B, Evaluation Setting=Reproduced2022.10 | 49.7 | 25.3 | 68.9 | 55.3 | 54.9 | 45.3 | 50.1 | 52.2 | 69.3 | 51.3 | 33.8 | 50.8 | 34.4 | 51.5 | 46.2 | 55.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DDABackbone=ConvNeXt-B, Adaptation=Diffusion-Driven Adaptation2022.07 | 49.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TTT-MAEleveraged pre-trained weights on clean ImageNet=true, Backbone=ViT-L2024.10 | 45.9 | 69.1 | 9.8 | 44.4 | 34.4 | 50.7 | 44.7 | 50.7 | 30.5 | 36.9 | 32.4 | 63 | 41.9 | 63 | 33 | 42.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| MEMOBackbone=ConvNeXt-B, Adaptation=Episodic model adaptation2022.07 | 45.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Source-OnlyBackbone=ConvNeXt-B, Adaptation=None2022.07 | 45.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DDABackbone=Swin-B, Adaptation=Diffusion-Driven Adaptation2022.07 | 44.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DDABackbone=ConvNeXt-T, Adaptation=Diffusion-Driven Adaptation2022.07 | 44.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ZeroSiamBackbone=Average2025.09 | 44.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DeYOBatch Size=12025.09 | 44 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| COMEBatch Size=12025.09 | 43 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| EATABackbone=Average2025.09 | 42.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ZeroSiamBackbone=ConvNeXt-Tiny2025.09 | 42.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| OpenCLIP VIT-L/14leveraged pre-trained weights on clean ImageNet=false2024.10 | 42.1 | 71.9 | 47 | 50.3 | 32.7 | 58.3 | 46.9 | 26 | 26.5 | 28.1 | 62.7 | 37.7 | 58.3 | 28.2 | 50.4 | 37.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ZeroSiamBackbone=ViT-Small2025.09 | 41.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SARBackbone=ViT-Small2025.09 | 41.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| EATABackbone=Swin-Tiny2025.09 | 41.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| EATABackbone=ConvNeXt-Tiny2025.09 | 41.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| COMEBackbone=ViT-Small2025.09 | 40.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Source-OnlyBackbone=Swin-B, Adaptation=None2022.07 | 40.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ZeroSiamBackbone=ResNet-502025.09 | 40.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| AdaContrastBackbone=ViT-B, Evaluation Setting=Online Setting2022.10 | 40.1 | 23.2 | 46.3 | 47.5 | 38.3 | 33.6 | 39.9 | 45.6 | 57.8 | 44.2 | 30.4 | 41.3 | 28.1 | 44.2 | 35.4 | 45.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DDABackbone=Swin-T, Adaptation=Diffusion-Driven Adaptation2022.07 | 40 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SARBackbone=Average2025.09 | 39.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Source-OnlyBackbone=ConvNeXt-T, Adaptation=None2022.07 | 39.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ZeroSiamBackbone=Swin-Tiny2025.09 | 39.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DeYOBackbone=ResNet-502025.09 | 38.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SHOT-IMBackbone=ViT-B2022.10 | 38.4 | 22.4 | 42 | 44.1 | 39.2 | 33.8 | 37.4 | 43.4 | 48.5 | 42.4 | 31.5 | 40.9 | 29.8 | 42.3 | 35.3 | 43.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| AdaContrastBackbone=ViT-B, Evaluation Setting=Reproduced2022.10 | 38.4 | 23.3 | 42.9 | 45.7 | 37.1 | 31.7 | 38.1 | 43.6 | 52 | 43.5 | 30.8 | 40.2 | 28.5 | 42.2 | 33.2 | 44.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| EATABackbone=ResNet-502025.09 | 38.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SARBackbone=ResNet-502025.09 | 38.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DeYOBackbone=Average2025.09 | 38.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| MEMOBackbone=ConvNeXt-T, Adaptation=Episodic model adaptation2022.07 | 37.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CFABackbone=ViT-B, Evaluation Setting=Online Setting2022.10 | 37.6 | 21 | 41.2 | 45.6 | 35.7 | 32.3 | 35.9 | 43.1 | 51.1 | 41.9 | 29.8 | 40.1 | 28.3 | 42 | 33.6 | 43.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SARBatch Size=12025.09 | 37.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| MEMOBackbone=Swin-B, Adaptation=Episodic model adaptation2022.07 | 37 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| EATABackbone=ViT-Small2025.09 | 36.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SARBackbone=ConvNeXt-Tiny2025.09 | 36.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DePT-GBackbone=ViT-B, Evaluation Setting=Online Setting2022.10 | 36.4 | 23.7 | 36.8 | 41.8 | 32.1 | 27.8 | 33.4 | 46.3 | 44 | 44.2 | 31.8 | 38.2 | 28.2 | 44.3 | 30.8 | 42.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| EATABatch Size=12025.09 | 36 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DeYOBackbone=ViT-Small2025.09 | 35.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DePT-GBackbone=ViT-B, Evaluation Setting=Reproduced2022.10 | 34.9 | 20.8 | 35.5 | 40.6 | 32.2 | 26.5 | 32.7 | 41.6 | 42 | 41.7 | 29.5 | 38.4 | 26.4 | 41.8 | 29.4 | 40.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| NoAdaptBackbone=ConvNeXt-Tiny2025.09 | 34.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| COMEBackbone=Average2025.09 | 34.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Fine-Tuneleveraged pre-trained weights on clean ImageNet=true2024.10 | 33.7 | 67.5 | 7.8 | 33.7 | 33.9 | 32.4 | 36.4 | 38.2 | 22 | 15.7 | 23.9 | 51.2 | 37.4 | 51.9 | 23.7 | 37.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TentBatch Size=12025.09 | 33.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Source-OnlyBackbone=Swin-T, Adaptation=None2022.07 | 33.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DiffPureBackbone=ConvNeXt-B, Adaptation=Input updates via diffusion2022.07 | 32.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| NoAdaptBackbone=Swin-Tiny2025.09 | 31.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| NoAdaptBackbone=ResNet-502025.09 | 30.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| COMEBackbone=ResNet-502025.09 | 30 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| NoAdaptBackbone=ViT-Base2025.09 | 29.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| NoAdaptBackbone=Average2025.09 | 29.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DDABackbone=ResNet-50, Adaptation=Diffusion-Driven Adaptation2022.07 | 29.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| MEMOBackbone=Swin-T, Adaptation=Episodic model adaptation2022.07 | 29.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ViT Probeleveraged pre-trained weights on clean ImageNet=true2024.10 | 29.2 | 68.3 | 6.4 | 29.2 | 24.2 | 31.6 | 38.6 | 38.4 | 17.4 | 18.4 | 18.2 | 51.2 | 32.2 | 49.7 | 18.2 | 35.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DeYOBackbone=Swin-Tiny2025.09 | 29 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| NoAdaptBatch Size=12025.09 | 29 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DiffPureBackbone=Swin-B, Adaptation=Input updates via diffusion2022.07 | 28.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DiffPureBackbone=ConvNeXt-T, Adaptation=Input updates via diffusion2022.07 | 28.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TentBackbone=ConvNeXt-Tiny2025.09 | 27.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DeYOBackbone=ConvNeXt-Tiny2025.09 | 27.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SARBackbone=Swin-Tiny2025.09 | 25.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Joint Trainleveraged pre-trained weights on clean ImageNet=true2024.10 | 24.8 | 62.3 | 4.5 | 26.7 | 39.9 | 25.7 | 30 | 5.8 | 16.3 | 5.8 | 45.3 | 30.9 | 45.9 | 7.1 | 25.1 | 31.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DiffPureBackbone=Swin-T, Adaptation=Input updates via diffusion2022.07 | 24.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| MEMOBackbone=ResNet-50, Adaptation=Episodic model adaptation2022.07 | 24.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |