Image Classification on DomainNet (test)
93.47Average AccuracyFedDTL
Evaluation results
| Method | Links | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FedDTLData Volume=Full-data, Shift Setting=Dir(0.1)2026.05 | 93.47 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedDTLData Volume=Full-data, Shift Setting=one2026.05 | 93.38 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedMaPLeData Volume=Full-data, Shift Setting=one2026.05 | 91.94 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedDTLData Volume=Few-shot, Shift Setting=Dir(0.1)2026.05 | 91.06 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedDTLData Volume=Few-shot, Shift Setting=one2026.05 | 90.88 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedMaPLeData Volume=Full-data, Shift Setting=Dir(0.1)2026.05 | 90.51 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| PromptFLData Volume=Full-data, Shift Setting=one2026.05 | 89.77 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| RCL-VITSource-free=true, Uses CLIP=false, Backbone=ViT2024.05 | 89.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 88.1 | 93.3 | 88 | 89.7 | 93.3 | 88 | 89.7 | 88 | 87.8 | 89.7 | 88.1 | 93.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| RCLSource-free=true, Uses CLIP=false, Backbone=ResNet2024.05 | 89.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 87.6 | 92.8 | 87.9 | 89.2 | 92.7 | 87.8 | 89.6 | 87.7 | 87.6 | 89.4 | 87.5 | 92.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedPGPData Volume=Full-data, Shift Setting=one2026.05 | 89.08 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedPGPData Volume=Few-shot, Shift Setting=Dir(0.1)2026.05 | 89.01 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedMaPLeData Volume=Few-shot, Shift Setting=one2026.05 | 88.99 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedPGPData Volume=Few-shot, Shift Setting=one2026.05 | 88.98 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| pFedMMAData Volume=Few-shot, Shift Setting=one2026.05 | 88.94 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| PromptFLData Volume=Few-shot, Shift Setting=one2026.05 | 88.88 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedMaPLeData Volume=Few-shot, Shift Setting=Dir(0.1)2026.05 | 88.81 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| PromptFLData Volume=Few-shot, Shift Setting=Dir(0.1)2026.05 | 88.79 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| PEP-FedPT2025.10 | 88.73 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedSCAlInitial Server Model Pre-training Domain=Infograph2025.12 | 88.65 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 87.09 | 94.78 | 76.01 | 96.42 | 88.94 | |
| FedPGPData Volume=Full-data, Shift Setting=Dir(0.1)2026.05 | 87.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CLIPData Volume=Few-shot, Shift Setting=one2026.05 | 87.68 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CLIPData Volume=Few-shot, Shift Setting=Dir(0.1)2026.05 | 87.68 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CLIPData Volume=Full-data, Shift Setting=one2026.05 | 87.68 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CLIPData Volume=Full-data, Shift Setting=Dir(0.1)2026.05 | 87.68 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Fed-VPT-D2025.10 | 87.54 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SGPT2025.10 | 87.27 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| pFedDCData Volume=Full-data, Shift Setting=one2026.05 | 87.11 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| PromptFLData Volume=Full-data, Shift Setting=Dir(0.1)2026.05 | 86.99 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| pFedMMAData Volume=Full-data, Shift Setting=one2026.05 | 86.51 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedL2Palpha=0.1, local_epochs=152023.10 | 86.36 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| LLaVA-34BSource-free=true, Uses CLIP=true, Backbone=ViT, Zero-shot=true2024.05 | 86.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 84.4 | 91 | 83.7 | 85.5 | 91 | 83.7 | 85.5 | 84.4 | 83.7 | 85.5 | 84.4 | 91 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Fine-tuning (BN C)alpha=0.1, BN_statistics=Client, local_epochs=152023.10 | 86.03 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| pFedDCData Volume=Few-shot, Shift Setting=one2026.05 | 85.69 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Fine-tuning (BN I)alpha=0.1, BN_statistics=Incoming, local_epochs=152023.10 | 85.35 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| InstBLIP-XXLSource-free=true, Uses CLIP=true, Backbone=ViT, Zero-shot=true2024.05 | 85.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 82.5 | 89 | 83 | 86.7 | 89 | 83 | 86.7 | 82.5 | 83 | 86.7 | 82.5 | 89 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedLoAInitial Server Model Pre-training Domain=Infograph2025.12 | 84.58 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 80.66 | 91.62 | 70.79 | 95.95 | 83.86 | |
| L2Palpha=0.1, local_epochs=152023.10 | 83.93 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedWCAInitial Server Model Pre-training Domain=Infograph2025.12 | 83.76 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 80.48 | 92.2 | 67.44 | 96.21 | 82.48 | |
| Fed-VPT2025.10 | 83.68 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Head2025.10 | 83.19 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| P-PT2025.10 | 83.05 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedProxInitial Server Model Pre-training Domain=Infograph2025.12 | 82.67 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 80.63 | 91.58 | 61.71 | 95.86 | 83.59 | |
| FedPR2025.10 | 82.62 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedMOONInitial Server Model Pre-training Domain=Infograph2025.12 | 81.97 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 81.77 | 92.46 | 56.25 | 96.34 | 83 | |
| ShrGPT4V-13BSource-free=true, Uses CLIP=true, Backbone=ViT, Zero-shot=true2024.05 | 81.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 79.7 | 87.9 | 79.2 | 79.9 | 87.9 | 79.2 | 79.9 | 79.7 | 79.2 | 79.9 | 79.7 | 87.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| GlobalHierarchical=false2025.12 | 81.6 | 78.5 | — | — | 86.7 | 88.4 | 72.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DaSHHierarchical=true2025.12 | 81 | 77.3 | — | — | 86.3 | 88.4 | 71.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| LoAInitial Server Model Pre-training Domain=Infograph2025.12 | 80.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 80.24 | 92.21 | 54.32 | 94.35 | 82.3 | |
| LCFD-C-B32Source-free=true, Uses CLIP=true, Backbone=ViT-B/322024.05 | 80 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 77.2 | 88 | 75.2 | 78.8 | 88.2 | 75.8 | 79.1 | 77.8 | 74.9 | 79.9 | 77.4 | 88 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DIFO-C-B32Source-free=true, Uses CLIP=true, Backbone=ViT-B/322024.05 | 80 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 76.6 | 87.2 | 74.9 | 80 | 87.4 | 75.6 | 80.8 | 77.3 | 75.5 | 80.5 | 76.7 | 87.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| pFedMMAData Volume=Few-shot, Shift Setting=Dir(0.1)2026.05 | 78.67 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedSCAlInitial Server Model Pre-training Domain=Painting2025.12 | 78.4 | 85.96 | 59.23 | — | 61.43 | 96.6 | 88.78 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| LCFD-C-RNSource-free=true, Uses CLIP=true, Backbone=ResNet2024.05 | 78 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 75.4 | 88.2 | 72 | 75.8 | 88.3 | 72.1 | 76.1 | 75.6 | 71.2 | 77.6 | 75.9 | 88.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FreeSelHierarchical=false2025.12 | 77.7 | 70.1 | — | — | 81.7 | 85.6 | 67.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FDSE2025.03 | 76.77 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 74.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DIFO-C-RNSource-free=true, Uses CLIP=true, Backbone=ResNet2024.05 | 76.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 73.8 | 89 | 69.4 | 74 | 88.7 | 70.1 | 74.8 | 74.6 | 69.6 | 74.7 | 74.3 | 88 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedLoAInitial Server Model Pre-training Domain=Painting2025.12 | 76.42 | 81.93 | 54.42 | — | 68.91 | 95.8 | 81.06 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| BiLAFHierarchical=false2025.12 | 76 | 69 | — | — | 81.3 | 85.8 | 67.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| PartialFed2025.03 | 75.92 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 73.46 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ADCLIP-RNSource-free=false, Uses CLIP=true, Backbone=ResNet2024.05 | 75.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 71.7 | 88.1 | 66 | 73.2 | 86.9 | 65.2 | 73.6 | 73 | 68.4 | 72.3 | 74.2 | 89.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Ditto2025.03 | 75.18 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 72.82 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedWCAInitial Server Model Pre-training Domain=Painting2025.12 | 75.12 | 80.36 | 54.49 | — | 64.03 | 95.94 | 80.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DAPL-RNSource-free=false, Uses CLIP=true, Backbone=ResNet2024.05 | 74.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 72.4 | 87.6 | 65.9 | 72.7 | 87.6 | 65.6 | 73.2 | 72.4 | 66.2 | 73.8 | 72.9 | 87.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedBN2025.03 | 74.75 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 72.25 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ActiveFTHierarchical=false2025.12 | 74.3 | 67.6 | — | — | 78 | 83.8 | 67.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FDSEBackbone=ResNet502025.03 | 72.98 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedProxInitial Server Model Pre-training Domain=Painting2025.12 | 72.81 | 79.15 | 54.5 | — | 52.44 | 95.17 | 82.54 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedL2Palpha=0.5, local_epochs=152023.10 | 72.64 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Fine-tuning (BN C)alpha=0.5, BN_statistics=Client, local_epochs=152023.10 | 71.39 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| LG-FedAvg2025.03 | 71.13 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 67.97 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Scaffold2025.03 | 70.41 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 69.06 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Core-setsHierarchical=false2025.12 | 70.2 | 59.1 | — | — | 74.1 | 80.1 | 67.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedDyn2025.03 | 70.02 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 68.86 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedFA2025.03 | 69.47 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 67.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| UMFCBackbone=ViT-H-14, Zero-shot=true2024.11 | 69.43 | 83.74 | 63.89 | 76.41 | 23.73 | 89.33 | 79.49 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedHeal2025.03 | 69.43 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 67.96 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Fine-tuning (BN G)alpha=0.1, BN_statistics=Global, local_epochs=152023.10 | 69.41 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedBNBackbone=ResNet502025.03 | 69.36 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| pFedDCData Volume=Few-shot, Shift Setting=Dir(0.1)2026.05 | 69.31 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedAvg2025.03 | 69.17 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 67.53 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedMOONInitial Server Model Pre-training Domain=Painting2025.12 | 69.17 | 78.04 | 52.92 | — | 36.24 | 96.09 | 82.58 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Fine-tuning (BN I)alpha=0.5, BN_statistics=Incoming, local_epochs=152023.10 | 68.94 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedProx2025.03 | 68.81 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 67.47 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| GKDSource-free=true, Uses CLIP=false, Backbone=ResNet2024.05 | 68.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 61.4 | 77.4 | 60.3 | 69.6 | 81.4 | 63.2 | 68.3 | 68.4 | 59.5 | 71.5 | 65.2 | 77.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| COWASource-free=true, Uses CLIP=false, Backbone=ResNet2024.05 | 68.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 64.6 | 80.6 | 60.6 | 66.2 | 79.8 | 60.8 | 69 | 67.2 | 60 | 69 | 65.8 | 79.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| MOON2025.03 | 68.35 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 66.65 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| OpenCLIPBackbone=ViT-H-14, Zero-shot=true2024.11 | 68.31 | 83.72 | 63.21 | 76.05 | 18.2 | 89.49 | 79.18 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| LoAInitial Server Model Pre-training Domain=Painting2025.12 | 68.15 | 79.93 | 49.43 | — | 33.22 | 94.88 | 83.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SHOTSource-free=true, Uses CLIP=false, Backbone=ResNet2024.05 | 68.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 63.5 | 78.2 | 59.5 | 67.9 | 81.3 | 61.7 | 67.7 | 67.6 | 57.8 | 70.2 | 64 | 78 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DittoBackbone=ResNet502025.03 | 67.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| NRCSource-free=true, Uses CLIP=false, Backbone=ResNet2024.05 | 67.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 62.6 | 77.1 | 58.3 | 62.9 | 81.3 | 60.7 | 64.7 | 69.4 | 58.7 | 69.4 | 65.8 | 78.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| pFedMMAData Volume=Full-data, Shift Setting=Dir(0.1)2026.05 | 67.24 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TPDSSource-free=true, Uses CLIP=false, Backbone=ResNet2024.05 | 67.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 62.9 | 77.1 | 59.8 | 65.6 | 79 | 61.5 | 66.4 | 67 | 58.2 | 68.6 | 64.3 | 75.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| L2Palpha=0.5, local_epochs=152023.10 | 66.38 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedHealBackbone=ResNet502025.03 | 66.16 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| AdaConSource-free=true, Uses CLIP=false, Backbone=ResNet2024.05 | 65.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 60.8 | 74.8 | 55.9 | 62.2 | 78.3 | 58.2 | 63.1 | 68.1 | 55.6 | 67.1 | 66 | 75.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ARFBackbone=ViT-B/16, Protocol=Anchor-based Robust Fine-tuning2024.04 | 65.2 | 74.9 | 51.1 | 69.5 | — | — | 65.3 | 89.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedDAPBackbone=ResNet-102026.04 | 65.2 | 72.11 | 35.03 | 64.5 | 80.38 | 75.64 | 63.52 | — | 5.61 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DMG-KDBackbone=ResNet-502020.08 | 65.14 | 63.16 | 70.79 | 65.03 | 65.67 | 61.3 | 64.86 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| UMFCBackbone=ViT-B-16, Zero-shot=true2024.11 | 65.04 | 78.93 | 58.29 | 71.78 | 21.56 | 86.36 | 73.29 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |