ResearchBenchmarksGlobal Optimization on CEC F3 2017Global Optimization on CEC F3 2017Follow0Best ValueBTO-23.16133.17289.5445.83Oct 19, 2025Evaluation resultsMethodMethodLinksBest ValueMean ValueWorst ValueStandard DeviationRankBTO2025.100307.963214,244.811,536.951BBO2025.100205.8413155,0005,093.21441CDO2025.10085,807.05205,000100,057.62SSO2025.100486.030676,138.584,991.4783GWO2025.1001,706.965176,0009,973.18924PSO2025.1013.89951,474.15786,0006,412.3745GSA2025.105791,025.112103,0004,559.7336