ResearchBenchmarksGlobal Optimization on CEC F16 2017Follow-1.03Best ResultCDO-1.0815-1.05575-1.03-1.00425Oct 19, 2025Evaluation ResultsMethodMethodLinksBest ResultMean ResultWorst ResultStd DevRankCDO2025.10-1.03-0.99332.130.1021SSO2025.10-1.03-1.02680.6590.07731GSA2025.10-1.03-1.0113-0.1920.08821PSO2025.10-1.03-1.0304-0.3850.02111BTO2025.10-1.03-0.93471.27490.33651GWO2025.10-1.03-1.031-0.8430.01031Bombardier Beetle Optimizer2025.10-1.03-1.02760.6810.05641