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End-effector tracking on Figure-Eight Path

0.151RMSEhierarchical RL framework with inner-loop dynamics estimator
0.141360.206430.27150.33657Jun 15, 2026

Evaluation results

MethodLinks
hierarchical RL framework with inner-loop dynamics estimatorPayload=200 g, Speed=1.0 m/s2026.060.15195——
hierarchical RL framework with inner-loop dynamics estimatorPayload=200 g, Speed=0.5 m/s2026.060.1895——
INDI (RL+INDI+PID)Payload=200 g, Speed=0.5 m/s2026.060.19595——
hierarchical RL framework with inner-loop dynamics estimatorPayload=400 g, Speed=0.5 m/s2026.060.19595——
hierarchical RL framework with inner-loop dynamics estimatorPayload=400 g, Speed=1.0 m/s2026.060.20590——
INDI (RL+INDI+PID)Payload=400 g, Speed=0.5 m/s2026.060.2195——
INDI (RL+INDI+PID)Payload=200 g, Speed=1.0 m/s2026.060.2290——
RL+PIDPayload=200 g, Speed=0.5 m/s2026.060.24285——
INDI (RL+INDI+PID)Payload=400 g, Speed=1.0 m/s2026.060.28585——
RL+PIDPayload=400 g, Speed=0.5 m/s2026.060.28875——
RL+PIDPayload=200 g, Speed=1.0 m/s2026.060.31570——
RL+PIDPayload=400 g, Speed=1.0 m/s2026.060.39260——
hierarchical RL framework with inner-loop dynamics estimatorCondition=Summary (Aggregated)2026.06——0.02440.9
INDI (RL+INDI+PID)Condition=Summary (Aggregated)2026.06——0.03826.4
RL+PIDCondition=Summary (Aggregated)2026.06——0.0620