Computation Time Estimation on V2X Security Messages (IEEE 1609.2) on Raspberry Pi 4
0.773Computation Time (ms)Falcon-512 + ML-KEM-512
Evaluation results
| Method | Links | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Falcon-512 + ML-KEM-512Hardware Platform=Raspberry Pi 4, Message Type=AcaEeCertResponsePrivateSpdu2026.06 | 0.773 | 1 | |
| Falcon-512 + HQC-128Hardware Platform=Raspberry Pi 4, Message Type=AcaEeCertResponsePrivateSpdu2026.06 | 0.773 | 1 | |
| IEEE Standards (ECDSA P-256 + ECIES P-256)Hardware Platform=Raspberry Pi 4, Message Type=Signed SPDU with BSM (sender)2026.06 | 1.786 | 0 | |
| Falcon-512 + ML-KEM-512Hardware Platform=Raspberry Pi 4, Message Type=Signed SPDU with BSM (sender)2026.06 | 1.786 | — | |
| Falcon-512 + HQC-128Hardware Platform=Raspberry Pi 4, Message Type=Signed SPDU with BSM (sender)2026.06 | 1.786 | — | |
| Falcon-512 + ML-KEM-512Hardware Platform=Raspberry Pi 4, Message Type=RaAcaCertRequestSpdu2026.06 | 1.981 | 1 | |
| Falcon-512 + HQC-128Hardware Platform=Raspberry Pi 4, Message Type=RaAcaCertRequestSpdu2026.06 | 1.981 | 1 | |
| Falcon-512 + ML-KEM-512Hardware Platform=Raspberry Pi 4, Message Type=EeRaDownloadRequestSpdu2026.06 | 2.523 | 1 | |
| Falcon-512 + ML-KEM-512Hardware Platform=Raspberry Pi 4, Message Type=RaEeCertAckSpdu2026.06 | 2.753 | 1 | |
| IEEE Standards (ECDSA P-256 + ECIES P-256)Hardware Platform=Raspberry Pi 4, Message Type=EeEcaCertRequestSpdu2026.06 | 3.948 | 0 | |
| Falcon-512 + ML-KEM-512Hardware Platform=Raspberry Pi 4, Message Type=EcaEeCertResponseSpdu2026.06 | 4.336 | 1 | |
| Falcon-512 + HQC-128Hardware Platform=Raspberry Pi 4, Message Type=EcaEeCertResponseSpdu2026.06 | 4.336 | 1 | |
| Falcon-512 + ML-KEM-512Hardware Platform=Raspberry Pi 4, Message Type=Signed SPDU with BSM (receiver)2026.06 | 5.203 | — | |
| Falcon-512 + HQC-128Hardware Platform=Raspberry Pi 4, Message Type=Signed SPDU with BSM (receiver)2026.06 | 5.203 | — | |
| Falcon-512 + ML-KEM-512Hardware Platform=Raspberry Pi 4, Message Type=EeRaCertRequestSpdu2026.06 | 5.227 | 1 | |
| IEEE Standards (ECDSA P-256 + ECIES P-256)Hardware Platform=Raspberry Pi 4, Message Type=AcaEeCertResponsePrivateSpdu2026.06 | 5.672 | 0 | |
| IEEE Standards (ECDSA P-256 + ECIES P-256)Hardware Platform=Raspberry Pi 4, Message Type=EeRaDownloadRequestSpdu2026.06 | 6.581 | 0 | |
| IEEE Standards (ECDSA P-256 + ECIES P-256)Hardware Platform=Raspberry Pi 4, Message Type=RaAcaCertRequestSpdu2026.06 | 6.868 | 0 | |
| Falcon-512 + ML-KEM-512Hardware Platform=Raspberry Pi 4, Message Type=AcaRaCertResponseSpdu2026.06 | 7.257 | 1 | |
| IEEE Standards (ECDSA P-256 + ECIES P-256)Hardware Platform=Raspberry Pi 4, Message Type=RaEeCertAckSpdu2026.06 | 7.457 | 0 | |
| IEEE Standards (ECDSA P-256 + ECIES P-256)Hardware Platform=Raspberry Pi 4, Message Type=EcaEeCertResponseSpdu2026.06 | 8.4 | 0 | |
| IEEE Standards (ECDSA P-256 + ECIES P-256)Hardware Platform=Raspberry Pi 4, Message Type=Signed SPDU with BSM (receiver)2026.06 | 9.657 | 0 | |
| IEEE Standards (ECDSA P-256 + ECIES P-256)Hardware Platform=Raspberry Pi 4, Message Type=EeRaCertRequestSpdu2026.06 | 10.906 | 0 | |
| IEEE Standards (ECDSA P-256 + ECIES P-256)Hardware Platform=Raspberry Pi 4, Message Type=AcaRaCertResponseSpdu2026.06 | 17.143 | 0 | |
| Falcon-512 + HQC-128Hardware Platform=Raspberry Pi 4, Message Type=EeRaDownloadRequestSpdu2026.06 | 17.792 | 1 | |
| Falcon-512 + HQC-128Hardware Platform=Raspberry Pi 4, Message Type=RaEeCertAckSpdu2026.06 | 25.867 | 1 | |
| Falcon-512 + HQC-128Hardware Platform=Raspberry Pi 4, Message Type=AcaRaCertResponseSpdu2026.06 | 30.37 | 1 | |
| Falcon-512 + ML-KEM-512Hardware Platform=Raspberry Pi 4, Message Type=EeEcaCertRequestSpdu2026.06 | 31.275 | 1 | |
| Falcon-512 + HQC-128Hardware Platform=Raspberry Pi 4, Message Type=EeEcaCertRequestSpdu2026.06 | 31.275 | 1 | |
| Falcon-512 + HQC-128Hardware Platform=Raspberry Pi 4, Message Type=EeRaCertRequestSpdu2026.06 | 35.766 | 1 |