ResearchBenchmarksBlack-box Optimization on f31Follow97.53NPR (Mean)DynDE39.726854.733469.7484.7466Jan 30, 2026Evaluation ResultsMethodMethodLinksNPR (Mean)NPR (Std)RankDynDE2026.0197.530.01489mDE2026.0190.830.06838mCMAES2026.0190.290.05657APCPSO2026.0177.240.00666PSPSO2026.0173.540.0765DPCPSO2026.0163.140.0234ACFPSO2026.0163.070.12753NBNC-PSO2026.0150.970.01892Meta-DO2026.0141.950.01651