ResearchBenchmarksBilevel Optimization on Synthetic dataset 15% heavy-tailed noiseBilevel Optimization on Synthetic dataset 15% heavy-tailed noiseFollow1.545Final LossRQ-TTSA1.526321.652411.77851.90459Jun 21, 2026Evaluation resultsMethodMethodLinksFinal LossStandard Deviation (Std)Spike ValueGradient NormRQ-TTSA2026.061.5450.0031.550.259MA-SOBA2026.061.5990.0461.6946.23BiSLS2026.061.6040.0051.6161ψ-Variantdistribution-aware rew...distribution-aware reweighting=false2026.061.6210.0111.6520.383AccBO2026.061.7140.0271.7581.911TTSA2026.062.0120.5383.74412.42