USSD Transaction Execution on USSD Infrastructure (MTN, Safaricom, Airtel)
12Transaction Time (s)Proposed System (Android-based intelligent middleware)
Evaluation Results
| Method | Links | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Proposed System (Android-based intelligent middleware)Input Method=Voice command interaction, Navigation=Fully automated execution, Accessibility=Fully non-visual (TTS + voice interaction), PIN Entry=Biometric authentication + secure PIN injection, Privacy=High (blackout mode + hardware-backed Keystore), Independence=High (fully autonomous interaction)2026.05 | 12 | — | 90 | |
| Traditional USSD (Screen Reader)Input Method=Manual dialing + screen reader navigation, Navigation=Sequential and time-consuming, Accessibility=Limited compatibility with screen readers, PIN Entry=Manual entry, often requires assistance, Privacy=High risk due to third-party assistance, Independence=Low (dependency on assistance)2026.05 | 40 | — | 65 |