Time Series Forecasting on Daily Gold Price
0.21MAEProposed LSTM–MLP
Evaluation Results
| Method | Links | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Proposed LSTM–MLPArchitecture=LSTM combined with MLP, Optimization=GWO-based2025.12 | 0.21 | — | — | |
| IEMD–BPNN–PMR2025.12 | 2.17 | — | — | |
| EMD–FNN–ALNN2025.12 | 3.35 | — | — | |
| LHuber-NNOutliers=30%2026.02 | 4.813 | 5.715 | 1.758 | |
| LRoBoS-NNOutliers=30%2026.02 | 5.092 | 5.829 | 1.86 | |
| LRoBoS-NNOutliers=20%2026.02 | 5.654 | 6.641 | 2.065 | |
| LMSE-NNOutliers=30%2026.02 | 8.103 | 9.557 | 2.96 | |
| FNN2025.12 | 8.97 | — | — | |
| BPNN2025.12 | 9.82 | — | — | |
| LRoBoS-NNOutliers=5%2026.02 | 10.184 | 11.538 | 3.72 | |
| LMAE-NNOutliers=20%2026.02 | 11.321 | 12.56 | 4.135 | |
| LMSE-NNOutliers=20%2026.02 | 11.425 | 12.656 | 4.173 | |
| LRoBoS-NNOutliers=Total Avg.2026.02 | 12.171 | 12.924 | 4.403 | |
| LLogcosh-NNOutliers=30%2026.02 | 12.257 | 13.117 | 4.477 | |
| LHuber-NNOutliers=5%2026.02 | 12.906 | 14.116 | 4.714 | |
| LLogcosh-NNOutliers=5%2026.02 | 13.178 | 14.416 | 4.813 | |
| LHuber-NNOutliers=20%2026.02 | 14.547 | 15.597 | 5.313 | |
| LMSE-NNOutliers=5%2026.02 | 15.097 | 16.195 | 5.514 | |
| LHuber-NNOutliers=Total Avg.2026.02 | 16.255 | 17.164 | 5.937 | |
| LMSE-NNOutliers=Total Avg.2026.02 | 16.512 | 17.548 | 6.031 | |
| LMAE-NNOutliers=5%2026.02 | 16.773 | 17.579 | 6.126 | |
| LMAE-NNOutliers=30%2026.02 | 17.138 | 17.883 | 6.26 | |
| LLogcosh-NNOutliers=Total Avg.2026.02 | 17.218 | 18.179 | 6.289 | |
| LLogcosh-NNOutliers=20%2026.02 | 17.444 | 18.545 | 6.371 | |
| LMAE-NNOutliers=Total Avg.2026.02 | 17.729 | 18.646 | 6.475 | |
| LRoBoS-NNOutliers=0%2026.02 | 19.175 | 20.447 | 7.003 | |
| LRoBoS-NNOutliers=10%2026.02 | 20.752 | 20.167 | 7.366 | |
| LMAE-NNOutliers=10%2026.02 | 21.15 | 21.961 | 7.725 | |
| LLogcosh-NNOutliers=0%2026.02 | 21.578 | 22.447 | 7.881 | |
| LLogcosh-NNOutliers=10%2026.02 | 21.632 | 22.371 | 7.901 | |
| LMAE-NNOutliers=0%2026.02 | 22.263 | 23.248 | 8.131 | |
| LMSE-NNOutliers=0%2026.02 | 22.687 | 23.407 | 8.286 | |
| LHuber-NNOutliers=0%2026.02 | 23.358 | 24.033 | 8.531 | |
| LMSE-NNOutliers=10%2026.02 | 25.25 | 25.923 | 9.223 | |
| LHuber-NNOutliers=10%2026.02 | 25.649 | 26.36 | 9.368 |