ResearchBenchmarksSolving PDE on Smoke PlumeSolving PDE on Smoke PlumeFollow10,523Total IterationsNOWS7,335.9628,848.4850,36171,873.52Nov 4, 2025Evaluation resultsMethodMethodLinksTotal IterationsRuntime (s)Reduction (%)NOWSGrid Resolution=64 × 64Grid Resolution=64 × 642025.1110,52350.1648.5NOWSGrid Resolution=256 × 256Grid Resolution=256 × 2562025.1117,78374.7574.3CGGrid Resolution=64 × 64Grid Resolution=64 × 642025.1124,86097.37—CGGrid Resolution=256 × 256Grid Resolution=256 × 2562025.1190,199290.38—