Shadow Removal on ISTD (test)
3.25RMSE (Shadow)ShadowFormer
Evaluation results
| Method | Links | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ShadowFormerMask Usage=Mask-Prior, Evaluation Resolution=640×4802026.03 | 3.25 | 2.38 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 2.43 | — | |
| DINOLightMask Usage=Mask-Free, Evaluation Resolution=640×4802026.03 | 3.63 | 2.84 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 3 | — | |
| AEFMask Usage=Mask-Prior, Evaluation Resolution=256×2562026.03 | 3.75 | 2.79 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 3.1 | — | |
| IFBlendMask Usage=Mask-Free, Evaluation Resolution=640×4802026.03 | 4.02 | 3.38 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 3.52 | — | |
| DNSRMask Usage=Mask-Prior, Evaluation Resolution=640×4802026.03 | 4.39 | 2.47 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 2.84 | — | |
| PULSrMask Usage=Mask-Prior, Evaluation Resolution=512×5122026.03 | 4.48 | 3.03 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 3.33 | — | |
| DHANMask Usage=Mask-Prior, Evaluation Resolution=640×4802026.03 | 4.65 | 3.13 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 3.43 | — | |
| ST-CGANMask Usage=Mask-Prior, Evaluation Resolution=256×2562026.03 | 4.83 | 3.44 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 4.05 | — | |
| UformerMask Usage=Mask-Free, Evaluation Resolution=640×4802026.03 | 4.83 | 3.47 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 3.72 | — | |
| SwinIRMask Usage=Mask-Free, Evaluation Resolution=640×4802026.03 | 4.84 | 3.44 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 3.7 | — | |
| RestormerMask Usage=Mask-Free, Evaluation Resolution=512×5122026.03 | 5.3 | 3.44 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 3.73 | — | |
| ShadowFormer-LargeResolution=256 x 256, Params=9.3M2023.02 | 5.96 | 3.72 | 4.09 | 38.19 | 0.991 | 34.32 | 0.981 | 32.21 | 0.968 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DCShadowNetMask Usage=Mask-Free, Evaluation Resolution=640×4802026.03 | 5.97 | 3.62 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 4.06 | — | |
| ShadowFormer-SmallResolution=256 x 256, Params=2.4M2023.02 | 6.16 | 3.9 | 4.27 | 37.99 | 0.99 | 33.89 | 0.98 | 31.81 | 0.967 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ShadowFormer2025.07 | 6.16 | 3.9 | 4.27 | 37.99 | 0.99 | 33.89 | 0.98 | 31.81 | 0.967 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| EDA2025.07 | 6.27 | 3.77 | 4.14 | 37.8 | 0.99 | 34.31 | 0.98 | 32.01 | 0.968 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ShadowFormer-LargeResolution=Original, Params=9.3M2023.02 | 6.76 | 4.44 | 4.79 | 37.03 | 0.985 | 32.2 | 0.953 | 30.47 | 0.935 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ShadowFormer-SmallResolution=Original, Params=2.4M2023.02 | 6.93 | 4.59 | 4.96 | 36.85 | 0.985 | 31.88 | 0.952 | 30.16 | 0.934 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| G2R-ShadowNet Sup.Training Data=Shd.Free+Shd.Mask2021.03 | 7.3 | 2.9 | 3.6 | 36.12 | 0.988 | 35.21 | 0.977 | 31.93 | 0.957 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DHANResolution=256 x 256, Params=21.8M2023.02 | 7.49 | 5.3 | 5.66 | 35.53 | 0.988 | 31.05 | 0.971 | 29.11 | 0.954 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DHAN2025.07 | 7.49 | 5.3 | 5.66 | 35.53 | 0.988 | 31.05 | 0.971 | 29.11 | 0.954 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| BMNet2025.07 | 7.6 | 4.59 | 5.02 | 35.61 | 0.988 | 32.8 | 0.976 | 30.28 | 0.959 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SP+M-Net2019.08 | 7.9 | 3.1 | 3.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SP+M-NetTraining Data=Shd.Free+Shd.Mask2021.03 | 7.9 | 2.8 | 3.6 | 35.08 | 0.984 | 36.38 | 0.979 | 31.89 | 0.953 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Fu et al.Resolution=256 x 256, Params=186.5M2023.02 | 7.91 | 5.51 | 5.88 | 34.71 | 0.975 | 28.61 | 0.88 | 27.19 | 0.945 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Fu et al.2025.07 | 7.91 | 5.51 | 5.88 | 34.71 | 0.975 | 28.61 | 0.88 | 27.19 | 0.945 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DHANResolution=Original, Params=21.8M2023.02 | 8.13 | 5.94 | 6.29 | 34.79 | 0.983 | 29.54 | 0.941 | 27.88 | 0.921 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Zhu et al.Resolution=256 x 256, Params=10.1M2023.02 | 8.29 | 4.55 | 5.09 | 36.95 | 0.987 | 31.54 | 0.978 | 29.85 | 0.96 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Zhu et al.2025.07 | 8.29 | 4.55 | 5.09 | 36.95 | 0.987 | 31.54 | 0.978 | 29.85 | 0.96 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SP+M-NetAlternative Setting=No Input Shadow Mask2019.08 | 8.3 | 4.9 | 5.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SP+M-NetAlternative Setting=With a Shadow Detector2019.08 | 8.4 | 5 | 5.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DHAN2022.06 | 8.43 | 5.92 | 6.28 | 34.79 | 0.983 | 29.54 | 0.941 | 27.71 | 0.921 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DSCResolution=256 x 256, Params=22.3M2023.02 | 8.72 | 5.04 | 5.59 | 34.64 | 0.984 | 31.26 | 0.969 | 29 | 0.944 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Refusion2025.07 | 8.74 | 6.99 | 7.24 | 34.62 | 0.98 | 28.64 | 0.91 | 27.23 | 0.882 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| G2R-ShadowNetTraining Data=Shd.Mask2021.03 | 8.8 | 2.9 | 3.9 | 33.58 | 0.979 | 35.52 | 0.976 | 30.52 | 0.944 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CANetResolution=Original, Params=358.2M2023.02 | 8.86 | 6.07 | 6.15 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| RIS-GAN2022.06 | 9.15 | 6.31 | 6.62 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DSC2022.06 | 9.22 | 6.39 | 6.67 | 33.45 | 0.967 | 28.18 | 0.885 | 26.62 | 0.845 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SP-Net2019.08 | 9.5 | 3.2 | 4.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SID2022.06 | 9.64 | 7.72 | 7.96 | 32.88 | 0.986 | 26.1 | 0.964 | 25.01 | 0.948 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| LG-ShadowNetTraining Data=Shd.Free (Unpaired)2021.03 | 9.7 | 3.4 | 4.4 | 32.44 | 0.982 | 33.68 | 0.971 | 29.2 | 0.945 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Le and SamarasTraining Data=Shd.Mask2021.03 | 9.7 | 2.9 | 4 | 33.09 | 0.983 | 35.26 | 0.977 | 30.12 | 0.95 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Mask-ShadowGAN*Training Data=Shd.Free (Unpaired)2021.03 | 9.9 | 3.8 | 4.8 | 32.19 | 0.984 | 33.44 | 0.974 | 28.81 | 0.946 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ST-CGANResolution=256 x 256, Params=31.8M2023.02 | 9.99 | 6.05 | 6.65 | 33.74 | 0.981 | 29.51 | 0.958 | 27.44 | 0.929 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ST-CGANTraining mode=Multi-task training2017.12 | 10.33 | 6.93 | 7.47 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| STC-GAN2022.06 | 10.33 | 6.93 | 7.47 | 35.8 | 0.985 | 28.67 | 0.947 | 27.43 | 0.929 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Mask-ShadowGAN2022.06 | 10.35 | 7.03 | 7.61 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SpA-Former2022.06 | 10.48 | 6.22 | 6.86 | 33.51 | 0.982 | 30.16 | 0.956 | 27.73 | 0.931 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| G2R2022.06 | 10.71 | 7.54 | 7.84 | 31.62 | 0.974 | 26.18 | 0.967 | 24.72 | 0.932 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| G2R2025.07 | 10.72 | 7.55 | 7.85 | 31.63 | 0.975 | 26.19 | 0.967 | 24.72 | 0.932 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| MeanFlow2025.07 | 11.1 | 9.5 | 9.77 | 33.13 | 0.979 | 27.23 | 0.91 | 25.77 | 0.88 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| LG-shadow2022.06 | 11.51 | 5.93 | 6.67 | 31.08 | 0.974 | 28.32 | 0.938 | 25.83 | 0.906 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| MaskShadow-GANResolution=256 x 256, Params=13.8M2023.02 | 12.67 | 6.68 | 7.41 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DeShadowNet2022.06 | 12.76 | 7.19 | 7.83 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Gong and CoskerTraining Data=N/A2021.03 | 13.3 | 2.6 | 4.3 | 30.53 | 0.972 | 36.63 | 0.982 | 28.96 | 0.943 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Gong et al.interactive=true2019.08 | 13.3 | 2.6 | 4.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ST-CGANTraining Data=Shd.Free+Shd.Mask2021.03 | 13.4 | 7.9 | 8.6 | 31.7 | 0.979 | 26.39 | 0.956 | 24.75 | 0.927 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Wang et al.2019.08 | 13.4 | 7.7 | 8.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Gong et al.2017.12 | 14.98 | 7.29 | 8.53 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Gong2022.06 | 14.98 | 7.29 | 8.53 | 32.43 | 0.98 | 25.26 | 0.929 | 24.07 | 0.908 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DegradedMask Usage=-, Evaluation Resolution=640×4802026.03 | 15.07 | 3.86 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 6.8 | — | |
| Guo et al.Resolution=256 x 2562023.02 | 18.65 | 7.76 | 9.26 | 27.76 | 0.964 | 26.44 | 0.975 | 23.08 | 0.919 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Guo et al.2017.12 | 18.95 | 7.46 | 9.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Guo2022.06 | 18.95 | 7.46 | 9.3 | 30.98 | 0.978 | 24.86 | 0.944 | 23.07 | 0.919 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Yang et al.2017.12 | 19.82 | 14.83 | 15.63 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Yang2022.06 | 19.82 | 14.83 | 15.63 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Guo et al.Training Data=Shd.Free+Shd.Mask2021.03 | 22 | 3.1 | 6.1 | 26.89 | 0.96 | 35.48 | 0.975 | 25.51 | 0.924 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Guo et al.2019.08 | 22 | 3.1 | 6.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Yang et al.Training Data=N/A2021.03 | 24.7 | 14.2 | 15.9 | 21.57 | 0.878 | 22.25 | 0.782 | 20.26 | 0.706 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Yang et al.2019.08 | 24.7 | 14.4 | 16 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ARGANResolution=Original2023.02 | 29.89 | 6.27 | 6.63 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Input ImageResolution=256 x 2562023.02 | 32.1 | 7.09 | 10.88 | 22.4 | 0.936 | 27.32 | 0.976 | 20.58 | 0.893 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Input2025.07 | 32.1 | 7.09 | 10.88 | 22.4 | 0.936 | 27.32 | 0.976 | 20.56 | 0.893 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| OriginalDescription=Original difference between shadow and shadow-free images2017.12 | 32.67 | 6.83 | 10.97 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Input ImageResolution=Original2023.02 | 33.23 | 9.21 | 11.35 | 22.34 | 0.935 | 26.45 | 0.947 | 20.33 | 0.874 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Input Image2019.08 | 40.2 | 2.6 | 8.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ARGANResolution=480 x 6402024.04 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 9.21 | 6.27 | 6.63 | — | — | |
| CANetResolution=480 x 640, Params (M)=3582024.04 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 8.86 | 6.07 | 6.15 | — | — | |
| CRFormerResolution=256 x 256, Params (M)=4.89, Input size=400 x 4002024.04 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 7.32 | 5.82 | 6.07 | — | — | |
| CycleGANTraining data=unpaired2019.03 | — | — | 8.16 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DC-ShadowNetResolution=256 x 256, Params (M)=21.22024.04 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 11.4 | 5.81 | 6.57 | — | — | |
| DHANResolution=256 x 256, Params (M)=21.82024.04 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 7.49 | 5.3 | 5.66 | — | — | |
| DHANResolution=480 x 640, Params (M)=21.82024.04 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 8.13 | 5.94 | 6.29 | — | — | |
| DSCTraining data=paired2019.03 | — | — | 6.67 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DSCColor adjustment=without2018.05 | — | — | 6.67 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DSCResolution=256 x 256, Params (M)=22.32024.04 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 8.72 | 5.04 | 5.59 | — | — | |
| Fixed-prompt baselineModel=Gemini 2.5 Flash, Prompt Strategy=Fixed2025.11 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 16.99 | 0.344 | — | — | — | — | 5.99 | |
| Fixed-prompt baselineModel=Seedream 4.0, Prompt Strategy=Fixed2025.11 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 9.01 | 0.309 | — | — | — | — | 7.87 | |
| Fu et al.Resolution=256 x 256, Params (M)=1872024.04 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 7.91 | 5.51 | 5.88 | — | — | |
| G2RResolution=256 x 256, Params (M)=22.82024.04 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 10.7 | 7.55 | 7.85 | — | — | |
| Gong et al.Training data=not specified2019.03 | — | — | 8.53 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Gong et al.2018.05 | — | — | 8.53 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Guo et al.Training data=not specified2019.03 | — | — | 9.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Guo et al.2018.05 | — | — | 9.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Guo et al.Resolution=256 x 2562024.04 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 18.7 | 7.76 | 9.26 | — | — | |
| Input ImageResolution=256 x 2562024.04 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 32.1 | 7.09 | 10.9 | — | — | |
| Input ImageResolution=480 x 6402024.04 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 33.23 | 7.25 | 11.4 | — | — | |
| Mask-ShadowGANTraining data=unpaired2019.03 | — | — | 7.61 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| MaskShadow-GANResolution=256 x 256, Params (M)=13.82024.04 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 12.7 | 6.68 | 7.41 | — | — | |
| ShadowDiffusionResolution=256 x 256, Params (M)=55.522024.04 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 4.13 | 4.14 | 4.12 | — | — |