Semantic Segmentation on Vaihingen
83.2mIoUDC-Swin
Evaluation results
| Method | Links | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DC-SwinBackbone=Swin-S, Pretrain=Y, FLOPS(G)=23, FPS=802023.05 | 83.2 | 93.6 | 96.1 | 85.7 | 90.3 | 87.6 | 90.6 | 91.6 | — | — | |
| ABCNetBackbone=ResNet18, Pretrain=Y, FLOPS(G)=16, FPS=1852023.05 | 81.3 | 92.7 | 95.2 | 84.5 | 89.7 | 85.3 | 89.5 | 90.7 | — | — | |
| BSNetBackbone=ResNet50, Pretrain=Y2023.05 | 80.2 | 92.1 | 94.4 | 83.1 | 88.3 | 86.7 | 88.9 | 90.3 | — | — | |
| Hi-ResNetBackbone=Hi-ResNet, Pretrain=Y, FLOPS(G)=57, FPS=1232023.05 | 79.8 | 92.3 | 95.1 | 84.9 | 89.5 | 83.5 | 90.1 | 91.7 | — | — | |
| EaNetBackbone=ResNet18, Pretrain=Y2023.05 | 78.7 | 91.7 | 94.5 | 83.1 | 89.2 | 80 | 87.7 | 89.7 | — | — | |
| ShelfNetBackbone=ResT-Lite, Pretrain=Y, FLOPS(G)=98, FPS=1222023.05 | 78.3 | 91.8 | 94.6 | 83.8 | 89.3 | 77.9 | 87.5 | 89.8 | — | — | |
| Cross-Scale MAEBackbone=ViT-Base, Scale=100%2024.01 | 76.03 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| msGFM2024.04 | 75.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| BiSeNetBackbone=ResNet18, Pretrain=Y, FLOPS(G)=20, FPS=1282023.05 | 75.8 | 89.1 | 91.3 | 80.9 | 86.9 | 73.1 | 84.3 | 87.1 | — | — | |
| HRNet(Baseline)Backbone=HRNet-W48, Pretrain=Y, FLOPS(G)=279, FPS=1202023.05 | 75.8 | 89.8 | 92.8 | 81 | 86.8 | 79.5 | 86 | 87.6 | — | — | |
| FANetBackbone=ResNet18, Pretrain=Y, FLOPS(G)=79, FPS=1182023.05 | 75.6 | 90.7 | 93.8 | 82.6 | 88.6 | 71.6 | 85.4 | 88.9 | — | — | |
| GFM2024.04 | 75.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Scale-MAEBackbone=ViT-Base, Scale=100%2024.01 | 75.12 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| IN-22kpretraining=ImageNet-22k2024.04 | 74.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Supervised BaselineBackbone=ResNet50, Scale=100%2024.01 | 74.38 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| BoTNetBackbone=BoTNet50, Pretrain=Y, FLOPS(G)=1022023.05 | 74.3 | 89.9 | 92.1 | 81.8 | 88.7 | 71.3 | 84.8 | 88 | — | — | |
| SatMAEBackbone=ViT-Base, Scale=100%2024.01 | 73.64 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SegmenterBackbone=ViT-Tiny, Pretrain=Y, FLOPS(G)=12, FPS=1302023.05 | 73.6 | 89.8 | 93 | 81.2 | 88.9 | 67.6 | 84.1 | 88.1 | — | — | |
| Cross-Scale MAEBackbone=ViT-Base, Scale=50%2024.01 | 73.54 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| EfficientUNetsBackbone=EfficientB7, Pretrain=N2023.05 | 73.1 | 91.4 | 96.3 | 79.4 | 90.8 | 88.1 | 89 | 90.8 | — | — | |
| BYOLBackbone=ResNet50, Scale=100%2024.01 | 72.98 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Scale-MAEBackbone=ViT-Base, Scale=50%2024.01 | 72.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| mCL-LCBackbone=ResNet50, Scale=100%2024.01 | 72.62 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SeCoBackbone=ResNet50, Scale=100%2024.01 | 72.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SimSiamBackbone=ResNet50, Scale=100%2024.01 | 72.05 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Cross-Scale MAEBackbone=ViT-Base, Scale=25%2024.01 | 71.63 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SimCLRBackbone=ResNet50, Scale=100%2024.01 | 70.75 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SatMAE2024.04 | 70.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DABNetBackbone=DAB, Pretrain=N, FLOPS(G)=7, FPS=1462023.05 | 70.2 | 87.8 | 88.8 | 74.3 | 84.9 | 60.2 | 79.2 | 84.3 | — | — | |
| ST-UNETBackbone=ResNet50, Pretrain=Y, FLOPS(G)=72023.05 | 70.2 | — | — | — | — | — | 82.1 | — | — | — | |
| SatMAEBackbone=ViT-Base, Scale=50%2024.01 | 69.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DANetBackbone=ResNet18, Pretrain=Y, FLOPS(G)=58, FPS=1532023.05 | 69.4 | 90 | 93.9 | 82.2 | 87.3 | 44.5 | 79.6 | 88.2 | — | — | |
| Scale-MAEBackbone=ViT-Base, Scale=25%2024.01 | 69.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SeCo2024.04 | 68.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| PSPNetBackbone=ResNet18, Pretrain=Y, FLOPS(G)=53, FPS=1122023.05 | 68.6 | 89 | 93.2 | 81.5 | 87.7 | 43.9 | 79 | 87.7 | — | — | |
| Randominitialization=random2024.04 | 67 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| mCL-LCBackbone=ResNet50, Scale=50%2024.01 | 62.77 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SatMAEBackbone=ViT-Base, Scale=25%2024.01 | 62.39 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SeCoBackbone=ResNet50, Scale=50%2024.01 | 62.13 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| OracleTraining Regime=Oracle (fully supervised SegFormer-b0)2025.12 | 61.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| RSGPNet2026.06 | 61.1 | — | — | — | — | — | 71.5 | — | — | 59.8 | |
| SegEarth-OV3Training Regime=Training-free2025.12 | 60.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SegEarth-OV32026.06 | 60.8 | — | — | — | — | — | 71.1 | — | — | 57.2 | |
| SimSiamBackbone=ResNet50, Scale=50%2024.01 | 60.05 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SimCLRBackbone=ResNet50, Scale=50%2024.01 | 59.04 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| BYOLBackbone=ResNet50, Scale=50%2024.01 | 59.03 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| mCL-LCBackbone=ResNet50, Scale=25%2024.01 | 57.95 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SeCoBackbone=ResNet50, Scale=25%2024.01 | 57.41 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| BYOLBackbone=ResNet50, Scale=25%2024.01 | 56.18 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SimSiamBackbone=ResNet50, Scale=25%2024.01 | 55.22 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CAFe-DINORS Training=No2026.05 | 54.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SimCLRBackbone=ResNet50, Scale=25%2024.01 | 52.86 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Supervised BaselineBackbone=ResNet50, Scale=50%2024.01 | 52.37 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SkySense-OTraining Regime=Training on remote sensing segmentation data2025.12 | 51.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SDCI-v2Prompt Setting=Generalized Labels, GFLOPs=1683.29, Structural Branch=DINO-v2 (ViT-B/14)2026.01 | 50.08 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DR-SegBackbone=ViT-L, Training Dataset=DLRSD2026.04 | 47.99 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 68.06 | — | — | |
| ProxyCLIPTraining Regime=Training-free2025.12 | 47.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CorrCLIPTraining Regime=Training-free2025.12 | 47 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| VIPBackbone=DINOv3 (ViT-L)2026.05 | 47 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Supervised BaselineBackbone=ResNet50, Scale=25%2024.01 | 46.03 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SDCI-v1Prompt Setting=Generalized Labels, GFLOPs=2022.72, Structural Branch=DINO-v1 (ViT-B/8)2026.01 | 45.24 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Pi-SegBackbone=ViT-L, Type=OVRSIS, Training Dataset=DLRSD2026.04 | 44.18 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 64.74 | — | |
| GSNetBackbone=ViT-L, Training Dataset=DLRSD2026.04 | 44.13 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 62.38 | — | — | |
| GSNetTraining Regime=Training on remote sensing segmentation data2025.12 | 44.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CLIPerPrompt Setting=Generalized Labels, GFLOPs=4615.632026.01 | 43.97 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| OVRSTraining Regime=Training on remote sensing segmentation data2025.12 | 43.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| OVRSBackbone=ViT-L, Training Dataset=DLRSD2026.04 | 43.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 63.31 | — | — | |
| CorrCLIPPrompt Setting=Generalized Labels, GFLOPs=6424.472026.01 | 43.42 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| RSKT-SegTraining Regime=Training on remote sensing segmentation data2025.12 | 42.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Cat-SegTraining Regime=Training on remote sensing segmentation data2025.12 | 42.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Cat-SegBackbone=ViT-L, Training Dataset=DLRSD2026.04 | 42.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 60.65 | — | — | |
| RSKT-SegBackbone=ViT-L, Training Dataset=DLRSD2026.04 | 42.29 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 63.03 | — | — | |
| DR-SegBackbone=ViT-B, Training Dataset=DLRSD2026.04 | 41.39 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 57.8 | — | — | |
| CASSPrompt Setting=Generalized Labels, GFLOPs=26943.792026.01 | 41.14 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SegEarth-OVTraining Regime=Training-free2025.12 | 40 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SegEarth-OVPrompt Setting=Generalized Labels, GFLOPs=1124.282026.01 | 39.34 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SANBackbone=ViT-L, Training Dataset=DLRSD2026.04 | 39.22 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 48.33 | — | — | |
| SANTraining Regime=Training on remote sensing segmentation data2025.12 | 39.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SEDBackbone=ConvNeXt-L, Training Dataset=DLRSD2026.04 | 39.02 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 58.62 | — | — | |
| SEDTraining Regime=Training on remote sensing segmentation data2025.12 | 39 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ResCLIPPrompt Setting=Generalized Labels, GFLOPs=1029.662026.01 | 38.32 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| RSKT-SegBackbone=ViT-B, Training Dataset=DLRSD2026.04 | 37.16 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 54.81 | — | — | |
| RSKT-SegBackbone=ViT-B, Type=OVRSIS, Training Dataset=DLRSD2026.04 | 37.16 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 54.81 | — | |
| GEMTraining Regime=Training-free2025.12 | 36.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ClearCLIPTraining Regime=Training-free2025.12 | 36.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SCLIPTraining Regime=Training-free2025.12 | 35.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| MaskCLIPPrompt Setting=Generalized Labels, GFLOPs=2944.882026.01 | 35.15 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| GSNetBackbone=ViT-B, Training Dataset=DLRSD2026.04 | 35.15 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 52.62 | — | — | |
| GSNetRS Training=Yes2026.05 | 34.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| OVRSBackbone=ViT-B, Training Dataset=DLRSD2026.04 | 33.71 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 49.01 | — | — | |
| SDCI-v2Prompt Setting=Original Labels, GFLOPs=1683.29, Structural Branch=DINO-v2 (ViT-B/14)2026.01 | 33.69 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SDCI-v1Prompt Setting=Original Labels, GFLOPs=2022.72, Structural Branch=DINO-v1 (ViT-B/8)2026.01 | 33.21 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| NACLIPPrompt Setting=Generalized Labels, GFLOPs=242.962026.01 | 33.14 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Cat-SegBackbone=ViT-B, Training Dataset=DLRSD2026.04 | 32.32 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 49.65 | — | — | |
| SANBackbone=ViT-B, Training Dataset=DLRSD2026.04 | 31.92 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 45.36 | — | — | |
| ProxyCLIP + GLA2026.03 | 31.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| GLA-CLIP2026.03 | 31.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ConInfer2026.03 | 31.37 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ProxyCLIP2026.03 | 30.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SCLIPPrompt Setting=Generalized Labels, GFLOPs=2926.292026.01 | 30.23 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |