Semantic Segmentation on ACDC (val)
72.7mIoUHeuSCM
Evaluation results
| Method | Links | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HeuSCMBackbone=HRDA2026.03 | 72.7 | 95.3 | 77.9 | 87 | 57.2 | 44.1 | 60.3 | 79.2 | 66.7 | 86.5 | 44.7 | 95.2 | 66.5 | 50.7 | 87.7 | 86.4 | 93.4 | 91.8 | 50.8 | 60.9 | — | — | — | — | |
| ACSegFormerBackbone=HRDA2026.03 | 72.6 | 95.5 | 77.1 | 87.5 | 56.9 | 45.8 | 59.5 | 79.4 | 66.2 | 86.3 | 42.9 | 95.3 | 68 | 49.9 | 87.3 | 86.5 | 94.1 | 91.7 | 55.3 | 54.2 | — | — | — | — | |
| CoDABackbone=HRDA2026.03 | 72.4 | 93.3 | 72.6 | 88.3 | 59.6 | 48.2 | 63.3 | 76.6 | 66.2 | 85.9 | 40.2 | 94.4 | 71.3 | 48.5 | 90.5 | 83.6 | 91.5 | 91.7 | 53.6 | 56 | — | — | — | — | |
| Causal-TuneBackbone Category=VFM-based, Training Source Domain=Cityscapes2025.12 | 72 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 56.2 | 75.4 | 75.2 | 81.3 | |
| HALOBudget=5%, Backbone=SegFormer-B42023.06 | 71.9 | 95.2 | 79.8 | 88.2 | 60.2 | 51.1 | 64.1 | 78.2 | 65.6 | 87.9 | 55.7 | 95.5 | 66.3 | 20.7 | 88.9 | 82.2 | 89.3 | 87.9 | 50.4 | 59 | — | — | — | — | |
| SoMATraining Source=Cityscapes2024.12 | 71.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 52.4 | 74.6 | 75.5 | 84.1 | |
| SETTraining Source=Cityscapes2024.12 | 71.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 57.3 | 73.7 | 74.8 | 80.1 | |
| FADATraining Source=Cityscapes2024.12 | 71.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 57.4 | 73.5 | 75 | 80.2 | |
| SETBackbone Category=VFM-based, Training Source Domain=Cityscapes2025.12 | 71.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 57.3 | 73.6 | 74.8 | 80.1 | |
| FADABackbone Category=VFM-based, Training Source Domain=Cityscapes2025.12 | 71.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 57.4 | 73.5 | 75 | 80.2 | |
| RefignBackbone=HRDA2026.03 | 71.1 | 94.7 | 76.5 | 87.1 | 52.9 | 43.4 | 62.1 | 77.4 | 65.8 | 86.4 | 44 | 95.3 | 64.5 | 42.4 | 87.9 | 85.5 | 90.4 | 89.8 | 47.7 | 56.3 | — | — | — | — | |
| ReinBackbone Category=VFM-based, Training Source Domain=Cityscapes2025.12 | 69.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 55.9 | 70.6 | 72.5 | 79.5 | |
| CISSBackbone=HRDA2026.03 | 68.7 | 92.3 | 69.9 | 85.2 | 50.5 | 41.3 | 60.7 | 76 | 61.2 | 73.1 | 41.2 | 82.4 | 67.5 | 45 | 89.6 | 83.8 | 88.3 | 89.1 | 53.2 | 54.5 | — | — | — | — | |
| VBLCBackbone=HRDA2026.03 | 66.5 | 89.5 | 61.8 | 84.9 | 46.3 | 48.5 | 61.3 | 74.8 | 60.1 | 72.3 | 39.7 | 82.1 | 62.9 | 41.9 | 87.8 | 85.7 | 76 | 87.4 | 48.2 | 52.6 | — | — | — | — | |
| HALOBudget=5%, Backbone=DeepLab-v22023.06 | 66.4 | 92.6 | 72.2 | 84.8 | 54.9 | 47.7 | 59.5 | 71.5 | 61.1 | 86.1 | 49.5 | 95.2 | 60.7 | 30.6 | 85.8 | 58.4 | 73.8 | 82 | 41.6 | 53.2 | — | — | — | — | |
| HGFormerBackbone Category=Transformer-based, Training Source Domain=Cityscapes2025.12 | 65.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 52.7 | 68.6 | 72 | 69.9 | |
| HeuSCMBackbone=DAFormer2026.03 | 65.4 | 90.8 | 65.6 | 85.2 | 49.3 | 38 | 58.6 | 70.8 | 55.7 | 85.4 | 42.4 | 95.1 | 58 | 33.4 | 83.1 | 73.2 | 81 | 87.7 | 44.4 | 45.5 | — | — | — | — | |
| HRDABackbone=HRDA2026.03 | 65.2 | 86.5 | 52.5 | 83.7 | 50.6 | 34.8 | 61.4 | 72.7 | 60.7 | 72.3 | 39.7 | 81.9 | 65.5 | 45.5 | 88.1 | 84.7 | 82.8 | 74.3 | 48.4 | 53.7 | — | — | — | — | |
| RefignBackbone=DAFormer2026.03 | 65 | 89.4 | 62.4 | 85.5 | 48.6 | 36.6 | 57.7 | 71 | 55 | 85.3 | 41 | 95.1 | 57.3 | 33.1 | 82.9 | 73.6 | 82.5 | 86 | 43.9 | 48.1 | — | — | — | — | |
| CoPTBackbone=DAFormer2026.03 | 64.8 | 55.4 | 71.7 | 79.1 | 57.7 | 47.2 | 62.9 | 60.5 | 65.2 | 73 | 40.3 | 51 | 68.9 | 46.6 | 83.1 | 82.7 | 90.8 | 88.2 | 47.8 | 58.6 | — | — | — | — | |
| VBLCBackbone=DAFormer2026.03 | 63.7 | 88.5 | 57.6 | 81.9 | 41.2 | 35.2 | 58 | 72.8 | 57.5 | 71.7 | 39.3 | 82.1 | 62.2 | 36.2 | 87.1 | 82.6 | 86.6 | 84.1 | 41.6 | 44.9 | — | — | — | — | |
| RIPUBudget=5%, Backbone=DeepLab-v22023.06 | 63.5 | 92.7 | 72.5 | 84.7 | 53.1 | 44.8 | 56.7 | 69.1 | 58.9 | 85.9 | 46.9 | 95.3 | 57.2 | 24.3 | 84.5 | 61.4 | 59.4 | 79 | 36.9 | 43.6 | — | — | — | — | |
| HALOBudget=2.2%, Backbone=DeepLab-v22023.06 | 63.2 | 92.6 | 71.3 | 84.5 | 51.3 | 43.1 | 53.5 | 67.2 | 57.6 | 85.1 | 49.5 | 94.5 | 57.2 | 28.6 | 84.1 | 53.3 | 76 | 66.9 | 44.1 | 41.4 | — | — | — | — | |
| RIPUBudget=2.2%, Backbone=DeepLab-v22023.06 | 62.3 | 91.4 | 69.5 | 83.8 | 52.7 | 41.6 | 52.8 | 66.4 | 54.2 | 85.1 | 47.5 | 94.7 | 54.5 | 21.8 | 85.5 | 58.7 | 58.8 | 76.9 | 41.4 | 45.9 | — | — | — | — | |
| Instance-WarpBackbone=DAFormer2026.03 | 61.8 | 82.9 | 56.1 | 79.8 | 44.6 | 40.3 | 52.7 | 60.8 | 52.5 | 72 | 38.4 | 78 | 56.6 | 30.5 | 84.9 | 80.2 | 86.9 | 86.4 | 44.5 | 45.8 | — | — | — | — | |
| HRDABackbone=MiT-B5 [66], Source Domain=Cityscapes, DGInStyle integration=true2023.12 | 61 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CMFormerTraining Source=Cityscapes2024.12 | 60.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 33.7 | 64.3 | 67.6 | 77.8 | |
| CMFormerBackbone Category=Transformer-based, Training Source Domain=Cityscapes2025.12 | 60.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 33.7 | 64.3 | 67.6 | 77.8 | |
| HRDABackbone=MiT-B5 [66], Source Domain=Cityscapes, DGInStyle integration=false2023.12 | 59.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DAFormerBackbone=MiT-B5 [66], Source Domain=Cityscapes, DGInStyle integration=true2023.12 | 57.74 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| HeuSCMBackbone=DeepLabv22026.03 | 56.1 | 92.7 | 69.1 | 81 | 43.9 | 34 | 42.8 | 65.9 | 48.8 | 81.6 | 35.6 | 93.3 | 47.3 | 24.9 | 79.4 | 55.5 | 55.5 | 62 | 14.4 | 37.5 | — | — | — | — | |
| RefignBackbone=DeepLab-v22026.03 | 55.8 | 91.5 | 67.5 | 81.4 | 43.8 | 32.5 | 43 | 66.4 | 50.1 | 82.1 | 35 | 93.3 | 47.7 | 27.4 | 78.7 | 52.4 | 51.8 | 64.1 | 13.9 | 37.7 | — | — | — | — | |
| DAFormerBackbone=DAFormer2026.03 | 55.3 | 71.4 | 50 | 79.1 | 42.1 | 33.1 | 55.5 | 40 | 50 | 72.2 | 35.4 | 68.2 | 54.3 | 17.5 | 83 | 71.2 | 74.8 | 80.9 | 41.2 | 31.5 | — | — | — | — | |
| Color-AugBackbone=MiT-B5 [66], Source Domain=Cityscapes, DGInStyle integration=true2023.12 | 55.19 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DAFormerBackbone=MiT-B5 [66], Source Domain=Cityscapes, DGInStyle integration=false2023.12 | 55.15 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Color-AugBackbone=MiT-B5 [66], Source Domain=Cityscapes, DGInStyle integration=false2023.12 | 52.38 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CMABackbone=DeepLab-v22026.03 | 48.8 | 83.9 | 51.3 | 60.1 | 25.3 | 28.2 | 45.6 | 69.1 | 52.3 | 79 | 30.1 | 79.2 | 51.5 | 23.5 | 77.4 | 43.4 | 37 | 36.2 | 24.9 | 28.6 | — | — | — | — | |
| ISWBackbone Category=Resnet-based, Training Source Domain=Cityscapes2025.12 | 48.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 24.3 | 49.8 | 56 | 64.3 | |
| ItenormBackbone Category=Resnet-based, Training Source Domain=Cityscapes2025.12 | 46.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 23.8 | 49.9 | 50.1 | 63.3 | |
| IBNBackbone Category=Resnet-based, Training Source Domain=Cityscapes2025.12 | 46.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 21.2 | 49.6 | 50.4 | 63.8 | |
| IWBackbone Category=Resnet-based, Training Source Domain=Cityscapes2025.12 | 46.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 21.8 | 47.6 | 52.4 | 62.4 | |
| VBLCBackbone=DeepLab-v22026.03 | 46 | 50 | 42.5 | 73.6 | 34.5 | 26.3 | 48 | 65.6 | 55.1 | 67.8 | 33.3 | 39.1 | 56.3 | 39.6 | 80.8 | 45.7 | 28.2 | 29.9 | 31.8 | 25.6 | — | — | — | — | |
| Self-adaptationBackbone=ResNet-50, Architecture=DeepLabv1, Training Dataset=GTA2022.08 | 39.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 39.66 | 37.54 | 41.61 | |
| DeepLab-v2Backbone=DeepLab-v22026.03 | 34.6 | 69.5 | 15.3 | 52.4 | 11 | 12 | 25.4 | 48.2 | 39.6 | 68.3 | 24.2 | 69 | 40.1 | 15.2 | 64.7 | 14.2 | 19.8 | 28.8 | 21.8 | 17.2 | — | — | — | — | |
| ResNet-50 (Baseline)Backbone=ResNet-50, Architecture=DeepLabv1, Training Dataset=GTA2022.08 | 26.03 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 24.64 | 27.32 | 26.12 | |
| VBLCtraining_source=Cityscapes2022.11 | 0.637 | 0.885 | 0.576 | 0.819 | 0.412 | 0.352 | 0.58 | 0.728 | 0.575 | 0.717 | 0.393 | 0.821 | 0.622 | 0.362 | 0.871 | 0.826 | 0.866 | 0.841 | 0.416 | 0.449 | — | — | — | — | |
| SegFormertraining_source=Cityscapes2022.11 | 0.434 | 0.684 | 0.257 | 0.64 | 0.241 | 0.186 | 0.448 | 0.545 | 0.445 | 0.732 | 0.324 | 0.756 | 0.459 | 0.172 | 0.746 | 0.385 | 0.376 | 0.41 | 0.242 | 0.197 | — | — | — | — | |
| FAMixBackbone=RN50, Source Dataset=GTAV2023.11 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 14.96 | 37.09 | 38.66 | 40.25 | |
| FAMixBackbone=RN101, Source Dataset=GTAV2023.11 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 19.89 | 41.38 | 40.91 | 42.15 | |
| Pin the memoryBackbone=RN50, Source Dataset=GTAV2023.11 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 3.84 | 5.51 | 5.89 | 7.27 | |
| RobustNetBackbone=RN50, Source Dataset=GTAV2023.11 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 6.32 | 29.97 | 33.02 | 32.56 | |
| SHADEBackbone=RN50, Source Dataset=GTAV2023.11 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 8.18 | 30.38 | 35.44 | 36.87 | |
| SHADEBackbone=RN101, Source Dataset=GTAV, Full-data training=true2023.11 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 7.58 | 32.48 | 36.9 | 36.69 | |
| SiamDoGeBackbone=RN50, Source Dataset=GTAV2023.11 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 10.6 | 30.71 | 35.84 | 36.45 | |
| TLDRBackbone=RN50, Source Dataset=GTAV, Extra-data usage=true2023.11 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 13.13 | 36.02 | 38.89 | 40.58 | |
| WildNetBackbone=RN50, Source Dataset=GTAV, Extra-data usage=true2023.11 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 8.27 | 30.29 | 36.32 | 35.39 |