ResearchBenchmarksSecure Training on a9aFollow7,190.21Training Time (s)Bifrost7,021.83768,158.35139,294.86510,431.3787Feb 1, 2026Evaluation ResultsMethodMethodLinksTraining Time (s)Communication Overhead (MB)BifrostSteps=Total, Epochs=1Steps=Total, Epochs=12026.027,190.21324.26iPrivJoinSteps=Total, Epochs=1Steps=Total, Epochs=12026.027,243.85538.13CPSISteps=Total, Epochs=1Steps=Total, Epochs=12026.0211,399.52688.1