ResearchBenchmarksRobotic Grinding on WP-E3 1.0 (test)Follow8Execution Time (min)Proposed7.67.888.2Mar 24, 2026Evaluation ResultsMethodMethodLinksExecution Time (min)Shape ErrorProposedGCSP=used, LCFA=used,...GCSP=used, LCFA=used, Average inference time (LCFA)=1.47 ± 3.4 ms, Average optimization time (GCSP)=5.5 ± 4.3 s, Shape observation time=50.5 ± 0.5 s2026.038—Rand-HybGCSP=not usedGCSP=not used2026.038—CSP-HybGCSP=usedGCSP=used2026.038—