Retinal Vessel Segmentation on DRIVE
95.61Accuracy (AC)LadderNet
Evaluation Results
| Method | Links | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LadderNetYear=20182018.10 | 95.61 | 0.8202 | 78.56 | 98.1 | 97.93 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Recurrent UNetYear=20182018.10 | 95.56 | 0.8155 | 77.51 | 98.16 | 97.82 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| R2U-NetYear=20182018.10 | 95.56 | 0.8171 | 77.92 | 98.13 | 97.84 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Residual UNetYear=20182018.10 | 95.53 | 0.8149 | 77.26 | 98.2 | 97.79 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| U-NetYear=20182018.10 | 95.31 | 0.8142 | 75.37 | 98.2 | 97.55 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Qiaoliang LiYear=20162018.10 | 95.27 | — | 75.69 | 98.16 | 97.38 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| RoychowdhuryYear=20162018.10 | 95.2 | — | 72.5 | 98.3 | 96.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Sheet et al.2026.05 | 0.9766 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ELEMENT2026.05 | 0.974 | 0.8579 | — | — | 0.9936 | — | — | 0.8461 | — | — | — | — | 89.83 | 98.16 | — | — | |
| LDCANet2024.10 | 0.9725 | — | 0.8134 | 0.9869 | 0.9892 | — | 0.7078 | — | 0.8287 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Y. Jiang et al.2026.05 | 0.9709 | 0.8246 | — | — | 0.9864 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 78.39 | 98.9 | — | — | |
| FR-UNet2024.10 | 0.9705 | — | 0.8356 | 0.9837 | 0.9889 | — | 0.712 | — | 0.8316 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FSG-NetArchitecture=FSG-Net (ours)2025.01 | 0.9704 | 0.8323 | 0.8421 | — | 0.9824 | — | 0.8407 | 0.8173 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Biswal et al.citation=[59]2026.05 | 0.97 | 0.83 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.8 | — | — | — | — | 78 | 98 | — | — | |
| Jin et al.2026.05 | 0.9697 | 0.8203 | — | — | 0.9855 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 78.94 | 98.7 | — | — | |
| Samant et al.2026.05 | 0.9696 | — | — | — | 0.8137 | — | — | 0.787 | — | — | — | — | 81.45 | 98.66 | — | — | |
| CurvSegFlow2026.06 | 0.9689 | — | 0.8317 | 0.9814 | 0.9872 | — | 0.6921 | 0.8005 | 0.8174 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.8036 | 0.9016 | |
| ARU-net 20222026.06 | 0.9686 | — | 0.8043 | 0.9844 | 0.9842 | — | 0.6919 | 0.8009 | 0.8179 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.8324 | — | |
| U-Net++ 20182026.06 | 0.9682 | — | 0.8119 | 0.9825 | 0.9863 | — | 0.6769 | 0.7934 | 0.8107 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.8096 | 0.8989 | |
| RVSeg2024.10 | 0.9681 | — | 0.8107 | 0.9845 | 0.9817 | — | 0.6817 | — | 0.8107 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| UNet++2024.10 | 0.9679 | — | 0.7891 | 0.985 | 0.9825 | — | 0.6827 | — | 0.8114 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| U-Net2024.10 | 0.9678 | — | 0.8057 | 0.9833 | 0.9825 | — | 0.6864 | — | 0.8141 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TransUNet2024.10 | 0.9662 | — | 0.7906 | 0.9831 | 0.9774 | — | 0.6721 | — | 0.8039 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| U-Net 20152026.06 | 0.9659 | — | 0.8247 | 0.9788 | 0.9842 | — | 0.6699 | 0.7838 | 0.8021 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.7806 | 0.8888 | |
| CS2Net 20202026.06 | 0.9632 | — | 0.8218 | 0.989 | 0.9825 | — | 0.675 | 0.773 | 0.807 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.792 | — | |
| SwinArchitecture=Swin2025.01 | 0.963 | 0.7604 | 0.7568 | — | 0.972 | — | 0.7876 | 0.7417 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| YoloCurvSeg 20232026.06 | 0.9627 | — | 0.8199 | 0.979 | — | — | 0.6926 | 0.7976 | 0.8184 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.8169 | — | |
| Z. Fan et al.2026.05 | 0.961 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 71.9 | 98.5 | — | — | |
| MaxViTResolution=512, Architecture=MaxViT-5122025.01 | 0.9605 | 0.7774 | 0.791 | — | 0.9845 | — | 0.797 | 0.7569 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Lupascu et al.2026.05 | 0.9597 | — | — | — | 0.9561 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Ricci et al.2026.05 | 0.9595 | — | — | — | 0.9633 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Srinidhi et al.2026.05 | 0.9589 | 0.7607 | — | — | 0.9701 | — | — | 0.7421 | — | — | — | — | 86.44 | 96.67 | — | — | |
| AFNet 20232026.06 | 0.958 | — | 0.8139 | 0.9818 | 0.982 | — | 0.669 | 0.764 | 0.799 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.784 | — | |
| VasCA-Net 20252026.06 | 0.9576 | — | 0.8145 | 0.9784 | 0.9815 | — | 0.7094 | 0.8068 | 0.8301 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.8463 | 0.9173 | |
| IterMiU-Net 20232026.06 | 0.9575 | — | 0.8006 | 0.9805 | 0.9811 | — | 0.7059 | 0.8069 | 0.8277 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.8567 | — | |
| IterNetYear=20192019.12 | 0.9574 | 0.8218 | 0.7791 | 0.9831 | 0.9813 | 0.9001 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| IterNet 20202026.06 | 0.9574 | — | 0.7791 | 0.9831 | 0.9813 | — | 0.6975 | 0.8037 | 0.8218 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.8695 | — | |
| IterNetYear=2019, Patched=true2019.12 | 0.9573 | 0.8205 | 0.7735 | 0.9838 | 0.9816 | 0.9193 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Rolling-UnetYear=20252026.05 | 0.9572 | 0.8252 | 0.7933 | 0.9812 | 0.9804 | — | 0.7024 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| LMFR-NetYear=20252026.05 | 0.957 | 0.824 | 0.7904 | 0.9813 | 0.9806 | — | 0.7007 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| KM-UNetYear=20262026.05 | 0.9569 | 0.8266 | 0.8062 | 0.9789 | 0.9802 | — | 0.7044 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| MCDAU-NetYear=20252026.05 | 0.9568 | 0.822 | 0.7842 | 0.982 | 0.9787 | — | 0.6978 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| MD-Net 20212026.06 | 0.9568 | — | 0.773 | 0.8727 | 0.9807 | — | 0.6948 | 0.6443 | 0.8199 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.8729 | — | |
| CMU-NeXtYear=20242026.05 | 0.9567 | 0.8243 | 0.799 | 0.9797 | 0.9793 | — | 0.7011 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Wu et al. 20192026.06 | 0.9567 | — | 0.794 | 0.9816 | 0.9772 | — | 0.705 | 0.8044 | 0.827 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.8629 | — | |
| DGNetYear=20252026.05 | 0.9565 | 0.8269 | 0.8154 | 0.9771 | 0.9769 | — | 0.7049 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CSU-Net 20212026.06 | 0.9565 | — | 0.8071 | 0.9782 | 0.9801 | — | 0.7022 | 0.8013 | 0.8251 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.8439 | — | |
| Polygon-mambaYear=20262026.05 | 0.9564 | 0.8288 | 0.8356 | 0.9753 | 0.9808 | — | 0.7076 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Wave-Net 20162026.06 | 0.9561 | — | 0.8164 | 0.9764 | 0.975 | — | 0.703 | 0.761 | 0.8254 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.737 | — | |
| TransUNet 20212026.06 | 0.9561 | — | 0.7992 | 0.979 | 0.9797 | — | 0.6989 | 0.8034 | 0.8227 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.8476 | — | |
| ResDO-UNet 20232026.06 | 0.9561 | — | 0.7985 | 0.9791 | — | — | 0.6991 | 0.8037 | 0.8229 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.8488 | — | |
| AAU-netYear=20222026.05 | 0.956 | 0.8223 | 0.7991 | 0.9789 | 0.9745 | — | 0.6982 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Soomro et al.2026.05 | 0.956 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 87 | 98.5 | — | — | |
| DUNetYear=2019, Source=reported [6]2019.12 | 0.9558 | 0.819 | 0.7863 | 0.9805 | 0.9778 | 0.8314 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Mamba-UNetYear=20242026.05 | 0.9558 | 0.8166 | 0.7729 | 0.9825 | 0.9787 | — | 0.69 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Recurrent UNetYear=20182019.12 | 0.9556 | 0.8155 | 0.7751 | 0.9816 | 0.9782 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| R2UNetYear=20182019.12 | 0.9556 | 0.8171 | 0.7792 | 0.9813 | 0.9784 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CS2-NetYear=20212026.05 | 0.9556 | 0.821 | 0.8001 | 0.9783 | 0.9462 | — | 0.6964 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| R2U-Net 20182026.06 | 0.9556 | — | 0.7792 | 0.9813 | 0.9784 | — | 0.6905 | 0.7982 | 0.8171 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.8589 | — | |
| UNetYear=2018, Source=reported [6]2019.12 | 0.9555 | 0.8174 | 0.7822 | 0.9808 | 0.9752 | 0.7948 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Residual UNetYear=20182019.12 | 0.9553 | 0.8149 | 0.7726 | 0.982 | 0.9779 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| MDF-NetYear=20262026.05 | 0.955 | 0.8241 | 0.8288 | 0.9734 | 0.9727 | — | 0.7008 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| AttU-Net 20182026.06 | 0.9548 | — | 0.7809 | 0.9809 | 0.9782 | — | 0.6827 | 0.7948 | 0.8116 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.8448 | 0.9072 | |
| FSE-MambaYear=20252026.05 | 0.9547 | 0.8096 | 0.7572 | 0.9835 | 0.9769 | — | 0.6801 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Swin-UNet 20212026.06 | 0.9543 | — | 0.8005 | 0.9881 | 0.9778 | — | 0.6967 | 0.8032 | 0.821 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.8426 | — | |
| LGVM-UNetYear=20262026.05 | 0.9542 | 0.8083 | 0.759 | 0.9827 | 0.9762 | — | 0.6713 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Yan et al.2026.05 | 0.9542 | — | — | — | 0.9752 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 76.53 | 98.18 | — | — | |
| DenseBlock-UNetYear=20182019.12 | 0.9541 | 0.8146 | 0.7928 | 0.9776 | 0.9756 | 0.8332 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| RCAR-UNet 20242026.06 | 0.9537 | — | 0.7487 | 0.9836 | — | — | 0.6734 | 0.7859 | 0.8047 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.8698 | — | |
| Li et al.2026.05 | 0.9527 | — | — | — | 0.9738 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 75.69 | 98.16 | — | — | |
| Adeyinka et al.2026.05 | 0.9523 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 76.03 | — | — | — | |
| J. Mo et al.2026.05 | 0.9521 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 77.79 | 97.8 | — | — | |
| Liskowski et al.2026.05 | 0.9515 | — | — | — | 0.9515 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 87.03 | 99.29 | — | — | |
| Biswal et al.citation=[57]2026.05 | 0.95 | 0.75 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.76 | — | — | — | — | 71 | 97 | — | — | |
| Iter-SegYear=20162019.12 | 0.949 | — | 0.739 | 0.978 | 0.967 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Zhang et al.citation=[46]2026.05 | 0.9476 | — | — | — | 0.9636 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 77.43 | 97.25 | — | — | |
| Lam et al.2026.05 | 0.9472 | — | — | — | 0.9614 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Fu et al.2026.05 | 0.947 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 72.94 | — | — | — | |
| Soares et al.2026.05 | 0.9466 | — | — | — | 0.9614 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Marin et al.2026.05 | 0.9452 | — | — | — | 0.9588 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 70.67 | 98.01 | — | — | |
| Mendonca et al.2026.05 | 0.9452 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 73.15 | — | — | — | |
| Azzopardi et al.2026.05 | 0.9442 | — | — | — | 0.9614 | — | — | 0.7188 | — | — | — | — | 76.55 | 97.04 | — | — | |
| Staal et al.2026.05 | 0.9441 | — | — | — | 0.9516 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Al-rawi et al.2026.05 | 0.942 | — | — | — | 0.9582 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Zhang et al.citation=[40]2026.05 | 0.9382 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 71.2 | — | — | — | |
| Delibasis et al.2026.05 | 0.9377 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 67.31 | 97.58 | — | — | |
| Chakraborti et al.2026.05 | 0.937 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 72.05 | 95.79 | — | — | |
| Odstrcilik et al.2026.05 | 0.934 | — | — | — | 0.9519 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 70.6 | 96.93 | — | — | |
| Maji et al.2026.05 | 0.9327 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Shin et al.2026.05 | 0.9271 | — | — | — | 0.9802 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 92.55 | 93.82 | — | — | |
| Perez et al.2026.05 | 0.925 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 64.4 | — | — | — | |
| Welikala et al.2026.05 | 0.919 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Jiang et al.2026.05 | 0.8911 | — | — | — | 0.9009 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ACC-UNetprotocol=LODO, target=unseen2026.01 | — | 0.1567 | — | — | — | — | 0.0809 | — | 0.1495 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Al-Diri et al.2026.05 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 72.82 | 95.51 | — | — | |
| Attention U-Netprotocol=LODO, target=unseen2026.01 | — | 0.3339 | — | — | — | — | 0.1014 | — | 0.184 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DCSAU-Netprotocol=LODO, target=unseen2026.01 | — | 0.6246 | — | — | — | — | 0.1645 | — | 0.282 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DSAE-NetYear=2025, Venue=J. Imaging, Protocol=5-fold CV2026.03 | — | — | 0.819 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.8244 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DSCNet2026.02 | — | — | 0.8002 | 0.983 | — | — | — | — | 0.812 | 3.66 | 0.75 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DUNetprotocol=LODO, target=unseen2026.01 | — | 0.6305 | — | — | — | — | 0.1515 | — | 0.2628 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |