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Question Answering on SQuAD v1.1 & v2.0

90.17SQuAD v1.1 F1Mango
15.13434.614554.09573.5755Oct 16, 2023Mar 9, 2024Aug 2, 2024Dec 26, 2024May 20, 2025Oct 13, 2025Mar 8, 2026

Evaluation results

MethodLinks
MangoTraining Protocol=Training from the Pretrained Model: M(12,384) -> M(12,768), FLOPS (x 1e19)=5.4, Ratio (Saving)=39.2%2023.1090.1778.7784.47——
LiGOTraining Protocol=Training from the Pretrained Model: M(12,384) -> M(12,768), FLOPS (x 1e19)=5.9, Ratio (Saving)=33.5%2023.1090.0978.3484.22——
bert2BERTTraining Protocol=Training from the Pretrained Model: M(12,384) -> M(12,768), FLOPS (x 1e19)=5.7, Ratio (Saving)=35.6%2023.1090.0278.9984.5——
StackBERTTraining Protocol=Training from Scratch, FLOPS (x 1e19)=6.3, Ratio (Saving)=29.5%2023.1089.8278.2184.01——
ScratchTraining Protocol=Training from Scratch, FLOPS (x 1e19)=8.92023.1089.2177.983.56——
LiGOModel=RoBERTa-B, FLOPs Savings=22.1%, Walltime Savings=20.3%2026.0384.742.359.975.537.3
BoTModel=RoBERTa-B, FLOPs Savings=54.7%, Walltime Savings=51.5%2026.0384.743.860.574.239.2
MangoModel=RoBERTa-B, FLOPs Savings=22.2%, Walltime Savings=20.4%2026.0384.642.260.476.338.4
ScratchModel=RoBERTa-B, FLOPs Savings=0.0%, Walltime Savings=0.0%2026.0384.443.660.474.738.8
bert2BERTModel=RoBERTa-B, FLOPs Savings=7.2%, Walltime Savings=6.6%2026.0383.841.55974.236.6
DWTModel=RoBERTa-B2026.0379.1839.7255.7569.8734.22
MangoModel=RoBERTa-B2026.0378.6338.954.9568.7533.53
LiGOModel=RoBERTa-B2026.0378.4138.8454.7968.3433.58
BoTModel=RoBERTa-S, FLOPs Savings=35.7%, Walltime Savings=35.8%2026.0376.737.953.366.332.4
ScratchModel=RoBERTa-S, FLOPs Savings=0.0%, Walltime Savings=0.0%2026.0376.237.552.965.832
WSModel=RoBERTa-S, FLOPs Savings=32.4%, Walltime Savings=32.3%2026.0375.337.652.464.732.1
DWTModel=RoBERTa-S2026.0354.2226.8735.9842.5820.26
WSModel=RoBERTa-S2026.0332.7218.0421.8323.7512.79
bert2BERTModel=RoBERTa-B2026.0324.0810.6213.4313.645.39
ScratchModel=RoBERTa-B2026.0318.768.8610.098.83.92
ScratchModel=RoBERTa-S2026.0318.028.169.397.993.39