ResearchBenchmarksQuality of Experience (QoE) Optimization on Real-world LTE traces 5G_walking_109Follow2,052.34Bitrate (Kbps)Copa1,852.52481,904.39991,956.2752,008.1501Feb 10, 2026Evaluation ResultsMethodMethodLinksBitrate (Kbps)Delay (ms)Stall (%)Copa2026.022,052.34652.035.05BBR2026.022,042.48687.534.84Salsify2026.022,025.78—9.59Camel2026.021,981.05546.514.99GCC2026.021,958.7606.715.4Pudica2026.021,884.94603.079.03SQP2026.021,860.21634.298.61