ResearchBenchmarksQuality of Experience (QoE) Optimization on Real-world LTE traces 4G_walking_50167Follow1,697.66Bitrate (Kbps)Copa1,029.26241,202.78871,376.3151,549.8413Feb 10, 2026Evaluation ResultsMethodMethodLinksBitrate (Kbps)Delay (ms)Stall (%)Copa2026.021,697.66997.896.78BBR2026.021,668.181,167.2910.92Camel2026.021,606.611,014.576.35Pudica2026.021,535.891,037.97.73Salsify2026.021,504.33—12.69SQP2026.021,419.8914.539.72GCC2026.021,054.97704.46.05