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PDE Solving on Backward heat eqn.

1.17Relative L2 ErrorPCA–NN
0.99322.18663.384.5734Jun 28, 2026

Evaluation results

MethodLinks
PCA–NNTraining time (s)=1507.12026.061.17
DeepONetTraining time (s)=2736.92026.062.53
PCA–RaNN-EM (ensemble)Training time (s)=4.6, Ensemble size (K)=202026.062.89
FNOTraining time (s)=2221.72026.063.21
PCA–RaNN-BFGS (ensemble)Training time (s)=9.8, Ensemble size (K)=202026.065.59