Out-of-distribution Detection on CIFAR-100
97.18AUROCTV-OOD
Evaluation results
| Method | Links | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TV-OODBackbone=ViT-B_16, Auxiliary OOD dataset=true2026.01 | 97.18 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 10.53 | 99.26 | — | |
| MahalanobisBackbone=ViT-B_16, Auxiliary OOD dataset=false2026.01 | 96.18 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 20.49 | 99.19 | — | |
| EFBackbone=ViT-B_16, Auxiliary OOD dataset=true2026.01 | 96.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 22.9 | 99.2 | — | |
| OEBackbone=ViT-B_16, Auxiliary OOD dataset=true2026.01 | 95.71 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 14.62 | 78.4 | — | |
| BEOEBackbone=ViT-B_16, Auxiliary OOD dataset=true2026.01 | 95.65 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 19.66 | 99.11 | — | |
| EnergyBackbone=ViT-B_16, Auxiliary OOD dataset=false2026.01 | 94.95 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 24.24 | 98.83 | — | |
| TV-OODBackbone=ViT-B_16, Auxiliary OOD dataset=false2026.01 | 94.88 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 20.48 | 98.63 | — | |
| ODINBackbone=ViT-B_16, Auxiliary OOD dataset=false2026.01 | 94.79 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 25.66 | 98.79 | — | |
| LogitNormBackbone=ViT-B_16, Auxiliary OOD dataset=false2026.01 | 94.53 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 24.56 | 98.59 | — | |
| ASH-SBackbone=ViT-B_16, Auxiliary OOD dataset=false2026.01 | 94.48 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 25.9 | 98.69 | — | |
| VIMBackbone=ViT-B_16, Auxiliary OOD dataset=false2026.01 | 93.99 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 22.66 | 98.78 | — | |
| DOEApproach=Fine-tuning, Backbone=WRN-40-22023.03 | 93.97 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 25.38 | — | — | |
| KNNBackbone=ViT-B_16, Auxiliary OOD dataset=false2026.01 | 93.03 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 31.66 | 98.41 | — | |
| DOE+UMAPauxiliary_outliers=true2023.06 | 92.95 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 29.61 | 87.41 | 73.01 | |
| DOE+UMauxiliary_outliers=true2023.06 | 92.93 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 29.47 | 87.33 | 71.11 | |
| DOEauxiliary_outliers=true2023.06 | 92.77 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 30.63 | 86.79 | 73.01 | |
| WOODSauxiliary_outliers=true2023.06 | 92.68 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 33.1 | 87.18 | 73.08 | |
| WOODSBackbone=ViT-B_16, Auxiliary OOD dataset=true2026.01 | 92.36 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 26.28 | 97.98 | — | |
| MSPBackbone=ViT-B_16, Auxiliary OOD dataset=false2026.01 | 91.93 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 44.91 | 98.22 | — | |
| POEM+UMAuxiliary Data=true2023.06 | 91.18 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 30.78 | 91.45 | 70.17 | |
| OE+UMAPAuxiliary Outliers=true2023.06 | 91.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 33.62 | 90.99 | 74.76 | |
| OE+UMAPAuxiliary Data=true2023.06 | 91.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 33.62 | 90.99 | 74.76 | |
| POEM+UMAPAuxiliary Data=true2023.06 | 91.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 31.02 | 91.41 | 71.05 | |
| OE+UMAuxiliary Outliers=true2023.06 | 91.04 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 34.71 | 91.13 | 75.15 | |
| OE+UMAuxiliary Data=true2023.06 | 91.04 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 34.71 | 91.13 | 75.15 | |
| OEAuxiliary Outliers=true2023.06 | 90.55 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 34.73 | 90.34 | 73.59 | |
| OEAuxiliary Data=true2023.06 | 90.55 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 34.73 | 90.34 | 73.59 | |
| Energy+UMAPAuxiliary Data=true2023.06 | 90.52 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 32.17 | 90.46 | 72.76 | |
| Energy+UMAuxiliary Data=true2023.06 | 90.39 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 32.65 | 90.14 | 71.95 | |
| KNN+Backbone=DenseNet-1012022.04 | 89.63 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 37.27 | — | 75.21 | |
| CSINetwork=ResNet-182020.07 | 89.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SSD+Backbone=DenseNet-1012022.04 | 88.97 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 43.44 | — | 75.21 | |
| POEMAuxiliary Outliers=true2023.06 | 88.95 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 38.1 | 88.94 | 56.18 | |
| POEMAuxiliary Data=true2023.06 | 88.95 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 38.1 | 88.94 | 56.18 | |
| EnergyAuxiliary Outliers=true2023.06 | 88.92 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 37.9 | 89.13 | 57.85 | |
| EnergyAuxiliary Data=true2023.06 | 88.92 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 37.9 | 89.13 | 57.85 | |
| OEApproach=Fine-tuning, Backbone=WRN-40-22023.03 | 87.61 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 45.68 | — | — | |
| SSD+Approach=Fine-tuning, Backbone=WRN-40-22023.03 | 87.38 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 56.65 | — | — | |
| KNNApproach=Post-hoc, Backbone=WRN-40-22023.03 | 86.73 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 50.24 | — | — | |
| MixOEApproach=Fine-tuning, Backbone=WRN-40-22023.03 | 86.46 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 52.04 | — | — | |
| ODINBackbone=DenseNet-1012022.04 | 85.16 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 55.96 | — | 75.08 | |
| OEwatermarking=true2022.10 | 83.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 54.2 | 96.08 | — | |
| GODINBackbone=DenseNet-1012022.04 | 83.76 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 55.38 | — | 74.5 | |
| ASH-S+UMauxiliary_outliers=false2023.06 | 83.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 56.56 | 84.27 | 64.39 | |
| ASH-Sauxiliary_outliers=false2023.06 | 83.53 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 61.78 | 84.02 | 74.09 | |
| OEwatermarking=false2022.10 | 82.99 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 60.3 | 95.91 | — | |
| Rot+TransNetwork=ResNet-182020.07 | 82.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Mahalanobiswatermarking=false2022.10 | 82.26 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 55.63 | 95.56 | — | |
| ASH-S+UMAPauxiliary_outliers=false2023.06 | 81.98 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 59.1 | 82.84 | 74.09 | |
| EnergyBackbone=DenseNet-1012022.04 | 81.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 68.03 | — | 75.08 | |
| VOSApproach=Fine-tuning, Backbone=WRN-40-22023.03 | 79.98 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 73.43 | — | — | |
| Energywatermarking=true2022.10 | 79.93 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 77.07 | 95.18 | — | |
| ODINwatermarking=true2022.10 | 79.56 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 76.36 | 95.18 | — | |
| DIRECTORbase_configuration=KEP-2/72026.02 | 79.43 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 82.15 | — | |
| DIRECTORbase_configuration=KEP-1/72026.02 | 79.29 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 82.11 | — | |
| DIRECTORbase_configuration=KEP-7/72026.02 | 79.11 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 81.7 | — | |
| RotNetwork=ResNet-182020.07 | 79 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ReActwatermarking=true2022.10 | 78.98 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 75.65 | 94.96 | — | |
| DIRECTORbase_configuration=ViT2026.02 | 78.57 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 81.33 | — | |
| Free EnergyApproach=Post-hoc, Backbone=WRN-40-22023.03 | 78.51 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 71.56 | — | — | |
| DICEauxiliary_outliers=false2023.06 | 78.41 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 69.33 | 79.11 | 67.77 | |
| ReActApproach=Post-hoc, Backbone=WRN-40-22023.03 | 78.21 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 69.94 | — | — | |
| MahalanobisApproach=Post-hoc, Backbone=WRN-40-22023.03 | 78.03 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 65.57 | — | — | |
| KEP-1/72026.02 | 77.93 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 80.85 | — | |
| KEP-2/72026.02 | 77.71 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 80.58 | — | |
| Softmaxwatermarking=true2022.10 | 77.57 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 79.98 | 94.61 | — | |
| Energy+UMAPBackbone=WRN-40-42023.06 | 77.35 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 68.2 | 77.43 | 75.01 | |
| KFLLA2026.02 | 77.27 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 79.88 | — | |
| GOADNetwork=ResNet-182020.07 | 77.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Energywatermarking=false2022.10 | 76.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 81.61 | 94.05 | — | |
| EnergyAuxiliary Outliers=false2023.06 | 76.29 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 78.46 | 77.06 | 74.86 | |
| EnergyAuxiliary Data=false2023.06 | 76.29 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 78.46 | 77.06 | 74.86 | |
| MCD2026.02 | 76.27 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 78.82 | — | |
| ViT2026.02 | 76.27 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 78.82 | — | |
| MSPApproach=Post-hoc, Backbone=WRN-40-22023.03 | 76.24 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 76.73 | — | — | |
| Energy+UMAuxiliary Outliers=false2023.06 | 76.22 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 74.05 | 76.39 | 64.55 | |
| Energy+UMAuxiliary Data=false2023.06 | 76.22 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 74.05 | 76.39 | 64.55 | |
| KEP-7/72026.02 | 76.21 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 78.82 | — | |
| ODINAuxiliary Outliers=false2023.06 | 76.18 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 78.93 | 76.49 | 74.86 | |
| ODINAuxiliary Data=false2023.06 | 76.18 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 78.93 | 76.49 | 74.86 | |
| Energy+UMBackbone=WRN-40-42023.06 | 76.07 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 74.29 | 76.94 | 59.08 | |
| SVDKL2026.02 | 75.99 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 77.89 | — | |
| ODINApproach=Post-hoc, Backbone=WRN-40-22023.03 | 75.72 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 63.25 | — | — | |
| ReActauxiliary_outliers=false2023.06 | 75.66 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 79.04 | 75.49 | 73.69 | |
| Energy+UMAPAuxiliary Outliers=false2023.06 | 75.57 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 72.21 | 75.66 | 74.86 | |
| Energy+UMAPAuxiliary Data=false2023.06 | 75.57 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 72.21 | 75.66 | 74.86 | |
| MSPBackbone=DenseNet-1012022.04 | 75.39 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 79.1 | — | 75.08 | |
| MSPAuxiliary Outliers=false2023.06 | 74.06 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 83.14 | 75.37 | 74.86 | |
| MSPAuxiliary Data=false2023.06 | 74.06 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 83.14 | 75.37 | 74.86 | |
| EnergyBackbone=WRN-40-42023.06 | 74 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 81.37 | 73.02 | 75.01 | |
| Softmaxwatermarking=false2022.10 | 73.88 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 82.97 | 93.43 | — | |
| Input ComplexityNetwork=Glow2020.07 | 73.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SGPA2026.02 | 73.42 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 75.93 | — | |
| ODINwatermarking=false2022.10 | 73.17 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 81.51 | 93.06 | — | |
| ReActwatermarking=false2022.10 | 73.06 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 84.96 | 93.03 | — | |
| GradNormwatermarking=false2022.10 | 72.93 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 83.68 | 93 | — | |
| MSPBackbone=WRN-40-42023.06 | 72.34 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 85.4 | 72.69 | 75.01 | |
| ODINBackbone=WRN-40-42023.06 | 68.78 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 85.28 | 66.92 | 75.01 | |
| MahalanobisBackbone=WRN-40-42023.06 | 68.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 76.46 | 68.3 | 75.01 | |
| MahalanobisBackbone=DenseNet-1012022.04 | 66.03 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 74.57 | — | 75.08 |