Multi-lingual retrieval on MIRACL (dev)
72.3Avg ScoreMILCO (SAP, SCTKD, LexEcho)
Evaluation results
| Method | Links | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MILCO (SAP, SCTKD, LexEcho)Size=560M2025.10 | 72.3 | 80.4 | 82.6 | 60.4 | 60.9 | 62.3 | 81.2 | 61.7 | 64.4 | 60.9 | 77.2 | 72.1 | 74.6 | 80.3 | 87.9 | 84.2 | 65.5 | 61.4 | 83.6 | — | — | |
| SPLARE-7BTop-K=(40, 400)2026.02 | 71.7 | 79.7 | 79.9 | 60.9 | 58.5 | 62.1 | 81.4 | 60.5 | 65.5 | 57.6 | 75.9 | 69.5 | 74.1 | 81.8 | 83.2 | 83.1 | 64.1 | 62.5 | 90 | — | — | |
| M3-Embeddingmode=All, w1=1, w2=0.3, w3=12024.02 | 71.5 | 80.2 | 81.5 | 59.6 | 59.7 | 63.4 | 80.4 | 61.2 | 63.3 | 59 | 75.2 | 72.1 | 71.7 | 79.6 | 88.1 | 83.7 | 64.9 | 59.8 | 83.5 | — | — | |
| M3-Emb (All)2026.02 | 71.5 | 80.2 | 81.5 | 59.6 | 59.7 | 63.4 | 80.4 | 61.2 | 63.3 | 59 | 75.2 | 72.1 | 71.7 | 79.6 | 88.1 | 83.7 | 64.9 | 59.8 | 83.5 | — | — | |
| M3-Dense+Sparse+MultivectorSize=560M2025.10 | 71.5 | 80.2 | 81.5 | 59.6 | 59.7 | 63.4 | 80.4 | 61.2 | 63.3 | 59 | 75.2 | 72.1 | 71.7 | 79.6 | 88.1 | 83.7 | 64.9 | 59.8 | 83.5 | — | — | |
| MILCO-dense (distill)Size=560M2025.10 | 70.9 | 79.5 | 80.2 | 56.8 | 60.4 | 63.4 | 78.5 | 62.6 | 62.2 | 58.4 | 74.7 | 70.5 | 72.1 | 79.6 | 87 | 82.9 | 64.2 | 59.5 | 83.2 | — | — | |
| M3-Embeddingmode=Multi-vec, rerank_top_k=2002024.02 | 70.5 | 79.6 | 81 | 59.3 | 57.8 | 62 | 80.1 | 59.4 | 61.5 | 58.3 | 74.5 | 71.2 | 71.2 | 79.1 | 87.9 | 83 | 63.7 | 58 | 82.4 | — | — | |
| M3-Multi-vecSize=560M2025.10 | 70.5 | 79.6 | 81 | 59.3 | 57.8 | 62 | 80.1 | 59.4 | 61.5 | 58.3 | 74.5 | 71.2 | 71.2 | 79.1 | 87.9 | 83 | 63.7 | 58 | 82.4 | — | — | |
| M3-Embeddingmode=Dense+Sparse, w1=1, w2=0.3, w3=02024.02 | 70.4 | 79.6 | 80.7 | 58.8 | 58.1 | 62.3 | 79.7 | 58 | 62.9 | 58.3 | 73.9 | 71.2 | 69.8 | 78.5 | 87.2 | 83.1 | 63.5 | 57.7 | 83.3 | — | — | |
| M3-Dense+SparseSize=560M2025.10 | 70.4 | 79.6 | 80.7 | 58.8 | 58.1 | 62.3 | 79.7 | 58 | 62.9 | 58.3 | 73.9 | 71.2 | 69.8 | 78.5 | 87.2 | 83.1 | 63.5 | 57.7 | 83.3 | — | — | |
| Gemini Embedding2026.02 | 70.1 | 78.3 | 79 | 58.7 | 57 | 60.9 | 78 | 55.6 | 65.4 | 54.3 | 75.1 | 68.9 | 73.4 | 81 | 80.5 | 80.8 | 65.7 | 59.8 | 88.8 | — | — | |
| MILCO (SAP, SCT, LexEcho)Size=560M2025.10 | 70.1 | 79.4 | 80.8 | 57.6 | 57.2 | 60.6 | 80.1 | 57.7 | 63.3 | 58.4 | 75.2 | 71 | 72.6 | 77.2 | 87.2 | 82.7 | 60.8 | 59.3 | 81.6 | — | — | |
| MILCOMetric Type=Effectiveness, Backbone=larger backbone2026.04 | 70.1 | 80.4 | — | — | 60.9 | — | — | 61.7 | — | — | 77.2 | — | 74.6 | — | — | — | 65.5 | — | — | — | — | |
| SPLADE-LlamaTop-K=(40, 400)2026.02 | 69.9 | 78 | 77.5 | 58.8 | 56 | 59.8 | 79.9 | 58.5 | 61.7 | 57.1 | 75.3 | 66.1 | 72.8 | 80.1 | 82.4 | 81 | 61.8 | 58.2 | 92.5 | — | — | |
| Qwen3-Embed - 8BSize=7.57B2025.10 | 69.8 | 78.2 | 78.3 | 59.8 | 59.6 | 60.5 | 79 | 61 | 63.1 | 56.1 | 74.3 | 67.5 | 73.5 | 72.2 | 84.3 | 81.5 | 63.3 | 60.5 | 84.5 | — | — | |
| MILCO (SAP, SCTKD, MLMen)Size=560M2025.10 | 69.4 | 77.3 | 79.5 | 57.6 | 59.7 | 58.5 | 78.8 | 60.6 | 63.4 | 57.7 | 72.8 | 67.7 | 72.6 | 78.1 | 82.3 | 80.4 | 60.6 | 59.7 | 81.2 | — | — | |
| M3-Embeddingmode=Dense2024.02 | 69.2 | 78.4 | 80 | 56.9 | 56.1 | 60.9 | 78.6 | 58.3 | 59.5 | 56.1 | 72.8 | 69.9 | 70.1 | 78.7 | 86.2 | 82.6 | 62.7 | 56.7 | 81.8 | — | — | |
| M3-DenseSize=560M2025.10 | 69.2 | 78.4 | 80 | 56.9 | 56.1 | 60.9 | 78.6 | 58.3 | 59.5 | 56.1 | 72.8 | 69.9 | 70.1 | 78.7 | 86.2 | 82.6 | 62.7 | 56.7 | 81.8 | — | — | |
| MILCO-dense (align + distill)Size=560M2025.10 | 67.9 | 77 | 76.6 | 55.3 | 57.5 | 60.2 | 77.1 | 59 | 60.5 | 55.5 | 70.5 | 70.9 | 67.5 | 74.4 | 86.1 | 80.6 | 62.5 | 57.6 | 72.8 | — | — | |
| mE5large2024.02 | 66.6 | 76 | 75.9 | 52.9 | 52.9 | 59 | 77.8 | 54.5 | 62 | 52.9 | 70.6 | 66.5 | 67.4 | 74.9 | 84.6 | 80.2 | 56 | 56.4 | 78.3 | — | — | |
| mE5large2026.02 | 66.6 | 76 | 75.9 | 52.9 | 52.9 | 59 | 77.8 | 54.5 | 62 | 52.9 | 70.6 | 66.5 | 67.4 | 74.9 | 84.6 | 80.2 | 56 | 56.4 | 78.3 | — | — | |
| mE5largeSize=560M2025.10 | 66.6 | 76 | 75.9 | 52.9 | 52.9 | 59 | 77.8 | 54.5 | 62 | 52.9 | 70.6 | 66.5 | 67.4 | 74.9 | 84.6 | 80.2 | 56 | 56.4 | 78.3 | — | — | |
| SPLARE-2BTop-K=(40, 400)2026.02 | 65 | 75.4 | 67.4 | 53.3 | 55 | 54.8 | 75.5 | 56 | 59.1 | 54.9 | 67.9 | 67.4 | 65.3 | 69.7 | 77.8 | 76.7 | 59 | 56.1 | 78 | — | — | |
| mSPLADEsTok*Size=-2025.10 | 63.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| E5mistral-7b2024.02 | 63.4 | 73.3 | 70.3 | 57.3 | 52.2 | 52.1 | 74.7 | 55.2 | 52.1 | 52.7 | 66.8 | 61.8 | 67.7 | 68.4 | 73.9 | 74 | 54 | 54.1 | 79.7 | — | — | |
| E5mistral-7b2026.02 | 63.4 | 73.3 | 70.3 | 57.3 | 52.2 | 52.1 | 74.7 | 55.2 | 52.1 | 52.7 | 66.8 | 61.8 | 67.7 | 68.4 | 73.9 | 74 | 54 | 54.1 | 79.7 | — | — | |
| E5mistral-7bSize=7.11B2025.10 | 63.4 | 73.3 | 70.3 | 57.3 | 52.2 | 52.1 | 74.7 | 55.2 | 52.1 | 52.7 | 66.8 | 61.8 | 67.7 | 68.4 | 73.9 | 74 | 54 | 54.1 | 79.7 | — | — | |
| Qwen3-Embed - 0.6BSize=596M2025.10 | 60.5 | 69.9 | 66.3 | 51.5 | 54.2 | 52.7 | 69.7 | 54.4 | 51.3 | 51.4 | 63.3 | 60.1 | 59.7 | 48.6 | 77.2 | 73.8 | 58.3 | 52.9 | 74 | — | — | |
| MILCO (SCTKD, MLMen)Size=560M2025.10 | 59.2 | 72.7 | 72.3 | 47.7 | 47.6 | 50.9 | 72.5 | 48.8 | 50.4 | 51.8 | 64 | 62.7 | 53.6 | 62.3 | 77.7 | 72.8 | 46.2 | 44.8 | 66.2 | — | — | |
| PLAID-X (Multivector)Size=560M2025.10 | 55.5 | 66 | 68 | 46.4 | 51.4 | 48.3 | 52.5 | 61.9 | 42.8 | 56.8 | 44.6 | 61.2 | 63.4 | 61.2 | 32.9 | 75.6 | 72 | 44.5 | 49.1 | — | — | |
| OpenAI-3full_name=Text-Embedding-3-Large2024.02 | 54.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| T-Splade*Size=3.4B2025.10 | 54.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| MILCO (SAP, MLMen)Size=560M2025.10 | 54.5 | 59.8 | 59.7 | 57 | 56 | 44.9 | 66 | 48.2 | 58.6 | 48.8 | 54.9 | 59.4 | 51.2 | 47.8 | 55 | 55.9 | 46.7 | 48.5 | 62.2 | — | — | |
| M3-Embeddingmode=Sparse2024.02 | 53.9 | 67.1 | 68.9 | 43.8 | 38.6 | 45.1 | 65.4 | 35.3 | 48.2 | 48.9 | 56.1 | 61.5 | 44.5 | 57.9 | 79.1 | 70.9 | 36.1 | 32.5 | 70 | — | — | |
| M3-Emb (Sparse)2026.02 | 53.9 | 67.1 | 68.9 | 43.8 | 38.6 | 45.1 | 65.4 | 35.3 | 48.2 | 48.9 | 56.1 | 61.5 | 44.5 | 57.9 | 79.1 | 70.9 | 36.1 | 32.5 | 70 | — | — | |
| M3-SparseSize=560M2025.10 | 53.9 | 67.1 | 68.9 | 43.8 | 38.6 | 45.1 | 65.4 | 35.3 | 48.2 | 48.9 | 56.1 | 61.5 | 44.5 | 57.9 | 79.1 | 70.9 | 36.1 | 32.5 | 70 | — | — | |
| noMILCO (SCTKD, MLMm)Size=560M2025.10 | 50.7 | 65.8 | 62 | 39.7 | 39.4 | 42 | 67 | 38.5 | 36.9 | 44.9 | 56.1 | 52.9 | 47.3 | 58.6 | 71 | 67 | 41.8 | 34.6 | 46.9 | — | — | |
| SAE-SPLADEk=8, Backbone=multilingual DistilBERT, Metric Type=Effectiveness2026.04 | 47.5 | 58.6 | — | — | 44.4 | — | — | 38.4 | — | — | 50.8 | — | 47.4 | — | — | — | 45.9 | — | — | — | — | |
| SPLADEk=8, Backbone=multilingual DistilBERT, Metric Type=Effectiveness2026.04 | 47.2 | 59.3 | — | — | 45 | — | — | 38.2 | — | — | 49.3 | — | 47.3 | — | — | — | 43.7 | — | — | — | — | |
| M3-SparseMetric Type=Effectiveness2026.04 | 46.3 | 67.1 | — | — | 38.6 | — | — | 35.3 | — | — | 56.1 | — | 44.5 | — | — | — | 36.1 | — | — | — | — | |
| mContriever2024.02 | 43.1 | 52.5 | 50.1 | 36.4 | 41.8 | 21.5 | 60.2 | 31.4 | 28.6 | 39.2 | 42.4 | 48.3 | 39.1 | 56 | 52.8 | 51.7 | 41 | 40.8 | 41.5 | — | — | |
| mContriever2026.02 | 43.1 | 52.5 | 50.1 | 36.4 | 41.8 | 21.5 | 60.2 | 31.4 | 28.6 | 39.2 | 42.4 | 48.3 | 39.1 | 56 | 52.8 | 51.7 | 41 | 40.8 | 41.5 | — | — | |
| mDPR2024.02 | 41.8 | 49.9 | 44.3 | 39.4 | 47.8 | 48 | 47.2 | 43.5 | 38.3 | 27.2 | 43.9 | 41.9 | 40.7 | 29.9 | 35.6 | 35.8 | 51.2 | 49 | 39.6 | — | — | |
| mDPR2026.02 | 41.8 | 49.9 | 44.3 | 39.4 | 47.8 | 48 | 47.2 | 43.5 | 38.3 | 27.2 | 43.9 | 41.9 | 40.7 | 29.9 | 35.6 | 35.8 | 51.2 | 49 | 39.6 | — | — | |
| mContrieverMetric Type=Effectiveness2026.04 | 41.4 | 52.5 | — | — | 41.8 | — | — | 31.4 | — | — | 42.4 | — | 39.1 | — | — | — | 41 | — | — | — | — | |
| BM25tokenizer=XLM-Roberta2024.02 | 31.9 | 39.5 | 48.2 | 26.7 | 7.7 | 28.7 | 45.8 | 11.5 | 35 | 29.7 | 31.2 | 37.1 | 25.6 | 35.1 | 38.3 | 49.1 | 17.5 | 12 | 56.1 | — | — | |
| BM252026.02 | 31.9 | 39.5 | 48.2 | 26.7 | 7.7 | 28.7 | 45.8 | 11.5 | 35 | 29.7 | 31.2 | 37.1 | 25.6 | 35.1 | 38.3 | 49.1 | 17.5 | 12 | 56.1 | — | — | |
| BM25Size=22025.10 | 31.9 | 39.5 | 48.2 | 26.7 | 7.7 | 28.7 | 45.8 | 11.5 | 35 | 29.7 | 31.2 | 37.1 | 25.6 | 35.1 | 38.3 | 49.1 | 17.5 | 12 | 56.1 | — | — | |
| BM25Metric Type=Effectiveness2026.04 | 22.2 | 39.5 | — | — | 7.7 | — | — | 11.5 | — | — | 31.2 | — | 25.6 | — | — | — | 17.5 | — | — | — | — | |
| SPLADEk=8, Backbone=multilingual DistilBERT, Metric Type=Efficiency2026.04 | 4.55 | 5.61 | — | — | 3.35 | — | — | 2.83 | — | — | 5.75 | — | 6.02 | — | — | — | 3.74 | — | — | — | — | |
| SAE-SPLADEk=8, Backbone=multilingual DistilBERT, Metric Type=Efficiency2026.04 | 3.26 | 4.21 | — | — | 2.16 | — | — | 1.97 | — | — | 4.34 | — | 4.56 | — | — | — | 2.29 | — | — | — | — | |
| CLS2026.01 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 57.6 | — | |
| Latent2026.01 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 56.6 | — | |
| LMKFT. Gran.=128, EVAL. Gran.=1282026.01 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 58 | — | |
| LMKFT. Gran.=Variable, EVAL. Gran.=322026.01 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 57.8 | — | |
| LMKFT. Gran.=Variable, EVAL. Gran.=642026.01 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 57.9 | — | |
| LMKFT. Gran.=Variable, EVAL. Gran.=1282026.01 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 57.9 | — | |
| LMKFT. Gran.=Variable, EVAL. Gran.=2562026.01 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 57.7 | — | |
| Mean2026.01 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 56.1 | — | |
| OpenSearch3Size=167M2025.10 | — | 74 | 67 | 57.5 | 54.2 | 51.4 | 76.7 | 55.8 | 48.6 | 58.2 | 66.9 | 60.7 | 65.8 | 76.8 | 74 | — | 56.2 | — | — | — | — |