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Multi-hop Question Answering on HotpotQA (official evaluation)

33.2EM AccuracyM3PO
8.2414.7221.227.68Dec 1, 2025

Evaluation results

MethodLinks
M3POBackbone=Qwen2.5-3B-Instruct, Strategy=Multi-Path Perception Policy Optimization, Context Retrieval=Top-3 documents2025.1233.2
HRPOBackbone=Qwen2.5-3B-Instruct, Strategy=Hybrid Reasoning Policy Optimization, Context Retrieval=Top-3 documents2025.1231.6
GRPOBackbone=Qwen2.5-3B-Instruct, Strategy=GRPO, Context Retrieval=Top-3 documents2025.1230.8
PPOBackbone=Qwen2.5-3B-Instruct, Strategy=PPO, Context Retrieval=Top-3 documents2025.1230.4
RAGBackbone=Qwen2.5-7B-Instruct, Strategy=Retrieval-Augmented Generation, Context Retrieval=Top-3 documents2025.1229.9
M3POBackbone=Qwen2.5-1.5B-Instruct, Strategy=Multi-Path Perception Policy Optimization, Context Retrieval=Top-3 documents2025.1228.7
HRPOBackbone=Qwen2.5-1.5B-Instruct, Strategy=Hybrid Reasoning Policy Optimization, Context Retrieval=Top-3 documents2025.1227.3
PPOBackbone=Qwen2.5-1.5B-Instruct, Strategy=PPO, Context Retrieval=Top-3 documents2025.1225.6
RAGBackbone=Qwen2.5-3B-Instruct, Strategy=Retrieval-Augmented Generation, Context Retrieval=Top-3 documents2025.1225.5
RAGBackbone=Qwen2.5-1.5B-Instruct, Strategy=Retrieval-Augmented Generation, Context Retrieval=Top-3 documents2025.1222.8
GRPOBackbone=Qwen2.5-1.5B-Instruct, Strategy=GRPO, Context Retrieval=Top-3 documents2025.1220.2
Search-o1Backbone=Qwen2.5-7B-Instruct, Strategy=Search-o1, Context Retrieval=Top-3 documents2025.1218.7
SFTBackbone=Qwen2.5-3B-Instruct, Strategy=Supervised Fine-Tuning, Context Retrieval=Top-3 documents2025.1218.6
QABackbone=Qwen2.5-7B-Instruct, Strategy=Direct inference, Context Retrieval=Top-3 documents2025.1218.3
IRCoTBackbone=Qwen2.5-7B-Instruct, Strategy=Interleaved retrieval with CoT, Context Retrieval=Top-3 documents2025.1213.3
SFTBackbone=Qwen2.5-1.5B-Instruct, Strategy=Supervised Fine-Tuning, Context Retrieval=Top-3 documents2025.1212.9
CoTBackbone=Qwen2.5-7B-Instruct, Strategy=Chain-of-Thought, Context Retrieval=Top-3 documents2025.129.2