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Mathematical Reasoning on MATH

95.63AccuracyCoD
70.014876.664983.31589.9651Oct 8, 2024Jan 7, 2025Apr 8, 2025Jul 9, 2025Oct 8, 2025Jan 7, 2026Apr 9, 2026

Evaluation results

MethodLinks
CoDRisk tolerance (epsilon)=0.08, Confidence level (alpha)=0.12026.0195.63—12.04
VanillaModel=Qwen3-8B, Budget=24002026.0392.6——
VanillaModel=Qwen3-8B, Budget=32002026.0392.6——
Pass@8 (Upper Bound)Decoding Strategy=Pass@82025.0591.8——
R-KVModel=Qwen3-8B, Budget=32002026.0391.6——
VATPModel=Qwen3-8B, Budget=32002026.0391——
H2OModel=Qwen3-8B, Budget=32002026.0390.4——
GHG-TDABase Model=GPT-4o2026.0290——
LongFlowModel=Qwen3-8B, Budget=32002026.0389.8——
Qwen3-VL-8BCategory=Visual-enhanced LLM2026.0189.24——
theory-guided context selection strategyModel=Qwen3-8B, Selection strategy=top-12026.0289.2——
AoTBase Model=GPT-4o2026.0289.1——
GHG-TDABase Model=Claude 3.5 Sonnet2026.0289.1——
R-KVModel=Qwen3-8B, Budget=24002026.0389——
Qwen2.5-7B + Reinforce ++Base Model=Qwen2.5-7B, Algorithm=Reinforce ++2025.1288.8——
Qwen2.5-7B + DAPOBase Model=Qwen2.5-7B, Algorithm=DAPO2025.1288.8——
Qwen2.5-7B + ARPOBase Model=Qwen2.5-7B, Algorithm=ARPO2025.1288.8——
GoTBase Model=GPT-4o2026.0288.4——
GenICLModel=Qwen3-8B, Selection strategy=top-12026.0288.4——
AoTBase Model=Claude 3.5 Sonnet2026.0288——
BM25Model=Qwen3-8B, Selection strategy=top-12026.0288——
DICLModel=Qwen3-8B, Selection strategy=top-12026.0288——
LongFlowModel=Qwen3-8B, Budget=24002026.0388——
Qwen2.5-7B + GRPOBase Model=Qwen2.5-7B, Algorithm=GRPO2025.1287.8——
SCOPEDecoding Strategy=Best-of-8 strategy, Training Data=automatically constructed2025.0587.7——
SCOPE (Step Skipping)Decoding Strategy=Best-of-8 strategy, Ablation=Step Skipping2025.0587.7——
VATPModel=Qwen3-8B, Budget=24002026.0387.6——
SCOPE (w/o AST normalization)Decoding Strategy=Best-of-8 strategy, Ablation=w/o AST normalization2025.0587.3——
SCOPE (Step Replacement)Decoding Strategy=Best-of-8 strategy, Ablation=Step Replacement2025.0587.3——
GoTBase Model=Claude 3.5 Sonnet2026.0287.3——
SCOPE (w/o code translation)Decoding Strategy=Best-of-8 strategy, Ablation=w/o code translation2025.0587——
ZeroModel=Qwen3-8B, Selection strategy=top-1, contextual_information=none2026.0287——
Majority @8Decoding Strategy=Majority @82025.0586.9——
ToTBase Model=GPT-4o2026.0286.9——
Qwen2.5-Math-7B-PRM800KDecoding Strategy=Best-of-8 strategy, Training Data=manually annotated (PRM800K)2025.0586.5——
Skywork-PRM-1.5BDecoding Strategy=Best-of-8 strategy, Training Data=automatically constructed2025.0586.3——
TopicKModel=Qwen3-8B, Selection strategy=top-12026.0286.2——
Skywork-PRM-7BDecoding Strategy=Best-of-8 strategy, Training Data=automatically constructed2025.0586.1——
ToTBase Model=Claude 3.5 Sonnet2026.0286——
Qwen3-VL-4BCategory=Visual-enhanced LLM2026.0185.83——
RLHFlow-PRM-Mistral-8BDecoding Strategy=Best-of-8 strategy, Training Data=automatically constructed2025.0585.7——
RLHFlow-PRM-Deepseek-8BDecoding Strategy=Best-of-8 strategy, Training Data=automatically constructed2025.0585.6——
CoTBase Model=GPT-4o2026.0285.4——
H2OModel=Qwen3-8B, Budget=24002026.0385.2——
Gemma 3 12BParameters=12B2026.0284.25——
CoTBase Model=Claude 3.5 Sonnet2026.0284.1——
NBDiff-7B-INSTRUCTParameters=7B, Training Protocol=Instruct, Sampling Strategy=Greedy2025.1284——
EurusPRM-Stage1Decoding Strategy=Best-of-8 strategy, Training Data=automatically constructed2025.0583.4——
VanillaModel=DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Llama-8B, Budget=24002026.0383.4——
VanillaModel=DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Llama-8B, Budget=32002026.0383.4——
EurusPRM-Stage2Decoding Strategy=Best-of-8 strategy, Training Data=automatically constructed2025.0583.1——
GreedyDecoding Strategy=Greedy2025.0583——
Qwen2.5-3B + ARPOBase Model=Qwen2.5-3B, Algorithm=ARPO2025.1282.5——
R-KVModel=DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Llama-8B, Budget=32002026.0382.4——
Qwen2.5-7BBase Model=Qwen2.5-7B, Algorithm=Direct Reasoning2025.1282——
Math-Shepherd-PRM-7BDecoding Strategy=Best-of-8 strategy, Training Data=automatically constructed2025.0581.7——
H2OModel=DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Llama-8B, Budget=32002026.0381.6——
VATPModel=DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Llama-8B, Budget=32002026.0381.6——
Qwen2.5-3B + DAPOBase Model=Qwen2.5-3B, Algorithm=DAPO2025.1281.2——
GPT-4o-2024-08-06Synthesis Model=-, Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning=true, Greedy decoding=true2024.1081.1——
Qwen2.5-3B + GRPOBase Model=Qwen2.5-3B, Algorithm=GRPO2025.1281——
R-KVModel=DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Llama-8B, Budget=24002026.0380.8——
SKPO (Ours)Base Model=Qwen2.5-Math-7B2026.0480.8——
Qwen2.5-3B + Reinforce ++Base Model=Qwen2.5-3B, Algorithm=Reinforce ++2025.1280.2——
Llama3.1-8B + ARPOBase Model=Llama3.1-8B, Algorithm=ARPO2025.1280.2——
H2OModel=DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Llama-8B, Budget=24002026.0379.8——
VATPModel=DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Llama-8B, Budget=24002026.0379.8——
LongFlowModel=DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Llama-8B, Budget=24002026.0379.8——
LongFlowModel=DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Llama-8B, Budget=32002026.0379.8——
CISPOBase Model=Qwen2.5-Math-7B2026.0479.4——
Llama3.1-8B + GRPOBase Model=Llama3.1-8B, Algorithm=GRPO2025.1279.2——
SDAR 8BParameters=8B, Sampling Strategy=Greedy2025.1278.6——
rStarMath PolicyParameter Count=7B2025.0278.4——
Qwen2.5-7B + TIR PromptingBase Model=Qwen2.5-7B, Algorithm=TIR Prompting2025.1278.2——
NoThinkingRisk tolerance (epsilon)=0.08, Confidence level (alpha)=0.12026.0177.26—15.77
Llama3.1-8B + Reinforce ++Base Model=Llama3.1-8B, Algorithm=Reinforce ++2025.1277.2——
GPT-4o2025.0276.6——
GPT-4ochain-of-thought=true2024.1076.6——
Llama3.1-8B + DAPOBase Model=Llama3.1-8B, Algorithm=DAPO2025.1276.4——
SAPOBase Model=Qwen2.5-Math-7B2026.0476.1——
DAPOBase Model=Qwen2.5-Math-7B2026.0475.8——
FastMCTSParameter Count=7B2025.0275.4——
DictaLM 3.0 12B-InstParameters=12B, Variant=Instruct2026.0274.99——
MCNIGModel Size=8B2026.0374.8——
M2CLBackbone=Qwen-72B, Number of LLMs=322026.0274.7——
QwenPRMModel Size=7B2026.0374.3——
GSPOBase Model=Qwen2.5-Math-7B2026.0474.2——
ORMModel Size=8B2026.0373.8——
LLaDA2.0-mini preview 16BA1BParameters=16BA1B, Sampling Strategy=Greedy2025.1273.5——
GPT-4-Turbo-24-04-09Synthesis Model=-, Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning=true, Greedy decoding=true2024.1073.4——
Qwen2-Math-7B-ScaleQuestBase Model=Qwen2-Math-7B, Synthesis Model=Qwen2-Math-7B-Instruct2024.1073.4——
Qwen2-Math-7B-InstructSynthesis Model=-, Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning=true, Greedy decoding=true2024.1073.1——
IGModel Size=8B2026.0373.1——
M2CLBackbone Model=Qwen-72B, Number of LLMs=42026.0272.5——
Primitives-based MAS2026.0272.4——
MacNetBackbone=Qwen-72B, Number of LLMs=322026.0272.1——
Qwen2.5-3BBase Model=Qwen2.5-3B, Algorithm=Direct Reasoning2025.1271.6——
PRIMEBase Model=Qwen2.5-Math-7B2026.0471.3——
MiMo-V2 FlashModel Variant=Base, # Shots=4-shot, # Activated Params=15B, # Total Params=309B2026.0271——
MiMo-V2-Flash Base# Shots=4-shot, # Activated Params=15B, # Total Params=309B2026.0171——