ResearchBenchmarksLLM Black-Box Fingerprinting on LLM InstancesLLM Black-Box Fingerprinting on LLM InstancesFollow1Query Efficiency (Verification)TRAP-18.96115.77250.5385.23Jun 2, 2026Evaluation resultsMethodMethodLinksQuery Efficiency (Verification)Sensitive Fingerprints PresenceStrict Black-Box Accuracy (Source)Strict Black-Box Accuracy (Target)Query Efficiency (Sourcing)TRAP2026.061————FLiPS2026.068———40LLMmap2026.068———1Kurian2026.068———3.5SRAF2026.0624————ProfLingo2026.0650————RoFL2026.0650————RUT2026.06100———10Cotsrf2026.06100———400Yang and Wu2026.06300————MET2026.06500———500DuFFin2026.06500———500