ResearchBenchmarksLarge-scale Optimization on COURSE Very-HardFollow5Performance Gap (Mean)BIPC4.169.8315.521.17Jun 19, 2026Evaluation ResultsMethodMethodLinksPerformance Gap (Mean)Performance Gap (Std Dev)Performance Gap (Wins)Performance Index (Mean)Performance Index (Std Dev)Performance Index (Wins)BIPC2026.06511606.764.2287ID-PaS+2026.06723317.614.5610PROPEL2026.06133169.145.033MIP2026.06264439.876.350