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Language Modeling on BookCorpus (test)

10.83PPLSandwich
6.779234.122161.46588.8079Feb 6, 2019Mar 29, 2020May 21, 2021Jul 13, 2022Sep 3, 2023Oct 25, 2024Dec 17, 2025

Evaluation results

MethodLinks
SandwichSandwich coefficient (k)=62019.1110.83——
KNN-LM2019.1110.89——
BaselineNumber of runs=52019.1111.89——
Subspace Networks (Decentralized Compressed)B/W=80Mbps, TPS=592.412025.0617.63——
CentralizedB/W=100Gbps, TPS=602.572025.0618.35——
Full-RankFLOPs (×10^9)=8.22025.1228.7——
DR-RLFLOPs (×10^9)=4.82025.1229.8——
Adaptive SVDFLOPs (×10^9)=5.32025.1230.2——
Fixed Low-RankFLOPs (×10^9)=4.92025.1231.5——
Random RankFLOPs (×10^9)=5.12025.1233.1——
LSTMautoregressive_components=true, dropout=none, parameters=15.0M2019.0236.2841.49—
RNN-VAEautoregressive_components=true, dropout=none, parameters=23.7M, stochastic_layers=1, training_strategy=WARMUP2019.0238.2142.091.61
HYBRID VAEautoregressive_components=true, dropout=none, parameters=23.7M, stochastic_layers=1, training_strategy=FINETUNED2019.0238.742.244.67
BIVAautoregressive_components=true, dropout=none, parameters=23.0M, stochastic_layers=7, training_strategy=FINETUNED2019.0239.0442.3410.15
RNN-VAEautoregressive_components=true, dropout=none, parameters=23.7M, stochastic_layers=1, training_strategy=FINETUNED2019.0239.2642.415.13
BIVAautoregressive_components=false, dropout=none, parameters=14.0M, stochastic_layers=7, training_strategy=FINETUNED2019.02108.354.1315.33
DecentralizedB/W=80Mbps, TPS=36.122025.06108.85——
HYBRID VAEautoregressive_components=false, dropout=none, parameters=15.0M, stochastic_layers=1, training_strategy=FINETUNED2019.02112.154.5314.1