Keystroke Eavesdropping on Various Keystroke Target Sets Comparative Study (Evaluation Results)
98.1AccuracyRadKey
Evaluation results
| Method | Links | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RadKeySensor=Piezo-based RFID tag, Signal Type=Acoustic, Attack Distance=8 m, Non-Invasive=✓, Through Wall=✓, Training Dependency=✓, ML Dependency=✓, Closed Vocabulary?=✗, Target Key Set=Entire keyboard2026.06 | 98.1 | — | — | |
| Liu et al.Sensor=Smartphone microphones, Signal Type=Acoustic, Attack Distance=5 cm, Non-Invasive=✗, Through Wall=✗, Training Dependency=✗, ML Dependency=✓, Closed Vocabulary?=✗, Target Key Set=‘a-z’2026.06 | 97.7 | — | — | |
| WiKeySensor=2 Tx ants & 3 Rx ants, Signal Type=WiFi CSI, Attack Distance=30 cm, Non-Invasive=✗, Through Wall=✗, Training Dependency=✓, ML Dependency=✓, Closed Vocabulary?=✗, Target Key Set=‘a-z’ + ‘0-9’ + 1 Special key2026.06 | 96.4 | — | — | |
| Fang et al.Sensor=1Tx & 1Rx, Signal Type=WiFi CSI, Attack Distance=50 cm, Non-Invasive=✗, Through Wall=✗, Training Dependency=✗, ML Dependency=✗, Closed Vocabulary?=✗, Target Key Set=‘a-z’2026.06 | 95.3 | — | — | |
| UbiKSensor=Smartphone microphones, Signal Type=Acoustic, Attack Distance=20 cm, Non-Invasive=✗, Through Wall=✗, Training Dependency=✓, ML Dependency=✓, Closed Vocabulary?=✗, Target Key Set=56 Commonly used keys2026.06 | 95 | — | — | |
| Zhuang et al.Sensor=Single microphone, Signal Type=Acoustic, Attack Distance=-, Non-Invasive=✗, Through Wall=✗, Training Dependency=✓, ML Dependency=✓, Closed Vocabulary?=✗, Target Key Set=‘a-z’ + 4 Special key2026.06 | 92 | — | — | |
| Chen et al.Sensor=SDR + FPGAs + 5 Rx ants, Signal Type=2.4GHz RF signal, Attack Distance=5 m, Non-Invasive=✓, Through Wall=✗, Training Dependency=✓, ML Dependency=✓, Closed Vocabulary?=✓, Target Key Set=‘a-z’ + 1 Special key2026.06 | 91.8 | — | — | |
| Cecconello et al.Sensor=Single microphone, Signal Type=Acoustic, Attack Distance=5 cm, Non-Invasive=✗, Through Wall=✗, Training Dependency=✓, ML Dependency=✓, Closed Vocabulary?=✗, Target Key Set=‘a-z’2026.06 | 91.7 | — | — | |
| Bai et al.Sensor=Smartphone microphones, Signal Type=Acoustic, Attack Distance=5 cm, Non-Invasive=✗, Through Wall=✗, Training Dependency=✓, ML Dependency=✓, Closed Vocabulary?=✓, Target Key Set=‘a-z’ + 6 Special keys2026.06 | 91.5 | — | — | |
| Auditory EyesightSensor=Smartphone microphones, Signal Type=Acoustic, Attack Distance=50 cm, Non-Invasive=✗, Through Wall=✗, Training Dependency=✗, ML Dependency=✗, Closed Vocabulary?=✗, Target Key Set=54 Commonly used keys2026.06 | 90.8 | — | — | |
| Berger et al.Sensor=Single microphone, Signal Type=Acoustic, Attack Distance=-, Non-Invasive=✗, Through Wall=✗, Training Dependency=✗, ML Dependency=✗, Closed Vocabulary?=✓, Target Key Set=‘a-z’2026.06 | 90 | — | — | |
| SIASensor=Smartwatch microphone, Signal Type=Acoustic, Attack Distance=5 cm, Non-Invasive=✗, Through Wall=✗, Training Dependency=✓, ML Dependency=✓, Closed Vocabulary?=✗, Target Key Set=‘a-z’ + ‘0-9’2026.06 | 85 | — | — | |
| Slater et al.Sensor=Single microphone, Signal Type=Acoustic, Attack Distance=< 1 m, Non-Invasive=✗, Through Wall=✗, Training Dependency=✓, ML Dependency=✓, Closed Vocabulary?=✗, Target Key Set=Entire keyboard (68 keys)2026.06 | 84.6 | — | — | |
| S&TSensor=Single microphone, Signal Type=Acoustic, Attack Distance=5 cm, Non-Invasive=✗, Through Wall=✗, Training Dependency=✓, ML Dependency=✓, Closed Vocabulary?=✗, Target Key Set=‘a-z’2026.06 | 83.2 | — | — | |
| Marquardt et al.Sensor=Accelerometer, Signal Type=Vibration, Attack Distance=5 cm, Non-Invasive=✗, Through Wall=✗, Training Dependency=✓, ML Dependency=✓, Closed Vocabulary?=✓, Target Key Set=‘a-z’2026.06 | 80 | — | — | |
| KeystrokeSnifferSensor=Smartphone microphones, Signal Type=Acoustic, Attack Distance=15 cm, Non-Invasive=✗, Through Wall=✗, Training Dependency=✓, ML Dependency=✓, Closed Vocabulary?=✓, Target Key Set=‘a-z’ + 6 Special keys2026.06 | 79.5 | — | — | |
| Asonov et al.Sensor=Single microphone, Signal Type=Acoustic, Attack Distance=1 m, Non-Invasive=✓, Through Wall=✗, Training Dependency=✓, ML Dependency=✓, Closed Vocabulary?=✓, Target Key Set=‘a-z’ + 4 Special key2026.06 | 79 | — | — | |
| OverHearSensor=Mic & Accelerometers, Signal Type=Acoustic + Motion, Attack Distance=5 cm, Non-Invasive=✗, Through Wall=✗, Training Dependency=✓, ML Dependency=✓, Closed Vocabulary?=✓, Target Key Set=‘a-z’2026.06 | 77 | — | — | |
| Zhu et al.Sensor=Smartphone microphones, Signal Type=Acoustic, Attack Distance=25 cm, Non-Invasive=✗, Through Wall=✗, Training Dependency=✗, ML Dependency=✗, Closed Vocabulary?=✗, Target Key Set=‘a-z’ + 3 Special keys2026.06 | 72.2 | — | — | |
| Giallanza et al.Sensor=Smartphone microphones, Signal Type=Acoustic, Attack Distance=5 cm, Non-Invasive=✗, Through Wall=✗, Training Dependency=✓, ML Dependency=✓, Closed Vocabulary?=✗, Target Key Set=‘a-z’ + 8 Special keys2026.06 | 70.6 | — | — |