Information Retrieval on BEIR v1.0.0 (test)
72.9ArguAnaARHN(Filter)
Evaluation results
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| ARHN(Filter)Encoder=LG-ANNA-Embedding (Mistral-7B)2026.04 | 72.9 | 54.7 | — | 87.9 | — | 76.3 | — | — | 88.5 | 42 | 40.2 | 64.3 | 76.4 | 57.3 | 30.1 | 48.3 | 47.4 | 29.1 | — | — | 51.1 | 24.1 | 39.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 46.5 | |
| gte-modernbertTraining Strategy=Baselines2026.02 | 72.68 | — | — | 91.03 | 40.9 | 77.4 | — | — | 81.95 | — | 36.44 | 57.62 | 69.47 | 48.81 | — | — | — | — | 42.63 | 88.55 | 41.79 | 21.29 | 37.74 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 55.33 | 21.68 | — | |
| No RefinementEncoder=LG-ANNA-Embedding (Mistral-7B)2026.04 | 72.4 | 54.6 | — | 88.1 | — | 76.9 | — | — | 88.1 | 41.3 | 39.3 | 64.1 | 76.1 | 57.1 | 29.6 | 48.9 | 47.5 | 30.4 | — | — | 49.4 | 25.2 | 39.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 46.4 | |
| ARHN(Relabel)Encoder=LG-ANNA-Embedding (Mistral-7B)2026.04 | 72.1 | 55.1 | — | 88.1 | — | 77.1 | — | — | 89.1 | 42.2 | 40.1 | 63.8 | 75.9 | 58.6 | 31.3 | 48.3 | 48.2 | 29.5 | — | — | 50.4 | 24.3 | 42.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 47 | |
| ARHN(R+F)Encoder=E5 (base)2026.04 | 71.9 | 52.1 | — | 87.9 | — | 74.1 | — | — | 79.8 | 40.1 | 38.1 | 61.2 | 73.9 | 43.4 | 28.1 | 47.3 | 47.9 | 30.8 | — | — | 44.2 | 25.2 | 39.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 44.6 | |
| ARHN(R+F)Encoder=LG-ANNA-Embedding (Mistral-7B)2026.04 | 71.9 | 55.4 | — | 88.3 | — | 76.9 | — | — | 89.4 | 40.9 | 41.4 | 64.1 | 76.3 | 59.5 | 32.4 | 49.1 | 49.3 | 30.2 | — | — | 51.4 | 24 | 41.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 47.5 | |
| ARHN(Relabel)Encoder=E5 (base)2026.04 | 70.6 | 51.1 | — | 87.6 | — | 73.1 | — | — | 79.3 | 38.5 | 38 | 59.2 | 73.6 | 44 | 27.5 | 46.6 | 45.2 | 27.1 | — | — | 43.7 | 24.3 | 38.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 43.2 | |
| No RefinementEncoder=E5 (base)2026.04 | 70.1 | 50.8 | — | 87.8 | — | 73.5 | — | — | 78.3 | 37.8 | 37.8 | 59.5 | 73.7 | 43.9 | 27.5 | 46.5 | 44.2 | 25.6 | — | — | 43.8 | 24.2 | 39.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 42.5 | |
| ARHN(Filter)Encoder=E5 (base)2026.04 | 70 | 51 | — | 88 | — | 73.9 | — | — | 78.5 | 38.1 | 37.4 | 59.2 | 74 | 44.1 | 27.9 | 46.9 | 45.3 | 25.1 | — | — | 43.9 | 24.3 | 39.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 42.7 | |
| TopK-PercPosEncoder=E5 (base)2026.04 | 69.7 | 51.1 | — | 87.8 | — | 73.5 | — | — | 78.9 | 37.5 | 37.7 | 60.1 | 73.4 | 43.4 | 27.2 | 46.6 | 45.1 | 28.6 | — | — | 44.4 | 24.3 | 38.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 43.1 | |
| RLHNEncoder=E5 (base)2026.04 | 69.2 | 51.5 | — | 87.1 | — | 74 | — | — | 80.9 | 39.4 | 39 | 59.1 | 73.5 | 44.8 | 27.4 | 48.4 | 49.7 | 26.6 | — | — | 44.7 | 24.2 | 36.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 44.5 | |
| QAEncoder (QAEhyb) with bge-large-en-v1.5Retrieval Type=Dense, Variant=QAEhyb, alpha=0.15, beta=0.5, Backbone=bge-large-en-v1.52024.09 | 68.8 | 61.8 | 45.6 | 91.5 | 41.2 | 78.9 | 28.1 | 78.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| QAEncoder (QAEhyb) with gte-base-en-v1.5Retrieval Type=Dense, Variant=QAEhyb, alpha=0.3, beta=0.5, Backbone=gte-base-en-v1.52024.09 | 68.2 | 62.2 | 43.7 | 94.2 | 41.9 | 80.3 | 29.3 | 77.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| bge-large-en-v1.5Retrieval Type=Dense2024.09 | 63.5 | 58.5 | 42.2 | 87.2 | 42.5 | 74.6 | 24.8 | 74.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| gte-base-en-v1.5Retrieval Type=Dense2024.09 | 63.5 | 59.4 | 39.5 | 94.8 | 42.6 | 76.8 | 25.2 | 73.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| GritLMCategory=Retriever, Parameters=7B2026.04 | 63.2 | 59.2 | — | 82.7 | — | 79.2 | — | — | 74.8 | — | 41.2 | 70.3 | 79.4 | 60 | — | — | — | 27.9 | — | 89.5 | 46.6 | 24.4 | 30.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| E5-MistralCategory=Retriever, Parameters=7B2026.04 | 61.9 | 59 | — | 87.8 | — | 76.4 | — | — | 87.2 | — | 38.6 | 63.5 | 75.7 | 56.6 | — | — | — | 26.4 | — | 89.6 | 48.9 | 16.3 | 38.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| QAEncoder (QAEhyb) with multilingual-e5-largeRetrieval Type=Dense, Variant=QAEhyb, alpha=0.15, beta=1.5, Backbone=multilingual-e5-large2024.09 | 61.1 | 58 | 44.3 | 82.1 | 43 | 73.9 | 26.3 | 75.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Ada-2Size=-, Evaluation Mode=Zero-shot2023.12 | 56.7 | — | — | 77.3 | — | 73.6 | — | — | 81.3 | — | 35.8 | 48.2 | 65.4 | 41.1 | — | — | — | 28 | 41.7 | 87.6 | 40.2 | 18.6 | 23.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 51.4 | — | — | |
| PromptrieverCategory=Retriever, Parameters=7B2026.04 | 56.7 | 56.4 | — | 82.8 | — | 76.3 | — | — | 84.6 | — | 36.9 | 62.6 | 69.5 | 46.6 | — | — | — | 32 | — | 88 | 45.2 | 19.7 | 32.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Llama2VecSize=7B, Evaluation Mode=Zero-shot, Trained on=MS MARCO2023.12 | 56.5 | — | — | 81.3 | — | 74.8 | — | — | 86.9 | — | 38.2 | 64.6 | 70.1 | 48.5 | — | — | — | 34.2 | 43.2 | 88.3 | 45.9 | 18.9 | 38.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 56.4 | — | — | |
| LlaMA2VecCategory=Retriever, Parameters=7B2026.04 | 56.5 | 57.4 | — | 81.3 | — | 74.8 | — | — | 86.9 | — | 38.2 | 64.6 | 70.1 | 48.5 | — | — | — | 34.2 | — | 88.3 | 45.9 | 18.9 | 38.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| RankLLaMACategory=Reranker, Parameters=7B2026.04 | 56 | 56.6 | — | 83.9 | — | 73.2 | — | — | 85.2 | — | 30.3 | 66.3 | 75.3 | 46.5 | — | — | — | 40.1 | — | 85 | 48.3 | 17.8 | 28 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| QAEncoder (QAEhyb) with jina-embeddings-v2-small-enRetrieval Type=Dense, Variant=QAEhyb, alpha=0.15, beta=0.5, Backbone=jina-embeddings-v2-small-en2024.09 | 55.3 | 54.2 | 42.3 | 74.3 | 39.5 | 67.2 | 27.2 | 73.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| QAEncoder (QAEhyb) with e5-large-v2Retrieval Type=Dense, Variant=QAEhyb, alpha=0.3, beta=1, Backbone=e5-large-v22024.09 | 55.1 | 57 | 41.2 | 86.5 | 42.8 | 75.3 | 23.8 | 74.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| multilingual-e5-largeRetrieval Type=Dense2024.09 | 54.4 | 55 | 39.7 | 82.8 | 43.7 | 70.4 | 23.1 | 71.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| E5-largeCategory=Retriever, Parameters=550M2026.04 | 54.4 | 53.9 | — | 82.8 | — | 70.4 | — | — | 71.3 | — | 34 | 64.1 | 71.2 | 43.8 | — | — | — | 23.4 | — | 88.2 | 41.3 | 17.5 | 25.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| GTR-XXLBackbone=T5-XXL, Number of parameters=4.8B, Evaluation Mode=Zero-shot2022.11 | 54 | 45.8 | — | 74 | — | 66.2 | — | — | 50.1 | 32.4 | 34.2 | 56.8 | 59.9 | 46.7 | 27.3 | 34.6 | 50.6 | 25.6 | 39.9 | 89.2 | 40.8 | 16.1 | 26.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| GTR-XXLzero-shot=true, backbone scale=XXL2023.05 | 54 | 45.8 | — | 74 | — | 66.2 | — | — | 50.1 | 32.4 | 34.2 | 56.8 | 59.9 | 46.7 | 27.3 | 34.6 | 50.6 | 25.6 | 39.9 | 89.2 | 40.8 | 16.1 | 26.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| GTR-XXLSize=4.8B, Evaluation Mode=Zero-shot2023.12 | 54 | — | — | 74 | — | 66.2 | — | — | 50.1 | — | 34.2 | 56.8 | 59.9 | 46.7 | — | — | — | 25.6 | 39.9 | 89.2 | 40.8 | 16.1 | 26.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 48.6 | — | — | |
| QAEncoder (QAEhyb) with contriever-msmarcoRetrieval Type=Dense, Variant=QAEhyb, alpha=0.3, beta=0.75, Backbone=contriever-msmarco2024.09 | 53.9 | 54.9 | 38.2 | 82 | 39.9 | 73.6 | 26.3 | 70.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ColBERT-ZeroTraining Strategy=full pre-training, Phase=Distilled2026.02 | 53.07 | — | — | 90.59 | 45.8 | 76.5 | — | — | 78.69 | — | 37.28 | 61.66 | 79.41 | 42.62 | — | — | — | — | 41.34 | 85.24 | 47.48 | 19.88 | 35.72 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 55.43 | 36.13 | — | |
| embed-baseTraining Strategy=Supervised + KD from dense unsupervised, Phase=Distilled2026.02 | 52.45 | — | — | 89.71 | 46.17 | 74.9 | — | — | 77.46 | — | 36.51 | 62.24 | 80.07 | 41.5 | — | — | — | — | 41.6 | 86.26 | 48.27 | 18.66 | 37.27 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 55.12 | 33.77 | — | |
| embed-baseTraining Strategy=KD from dense supervised, Phase=Distilled2026.02 | 51.75 | — | — | 84.82 | 45.57 | 75.04 | — | — | 79.52 | — | 37.01 | 61.45 | 76.7 | 42.51 | — | — | — | — | 40.68 | 87.67 | 47.54 | 18.15 | 28.31 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 54.09 | 34.58 | — | |
| ColBERT-ZeroTraining Strategy=full pre-training, Phase=Unsupervised2026.02 | 51.53 | — | — | 81.58 | 38.78 | 76.76 | — | — | 67.82 | — | 36.88 | 58.8 | 68.29 | 45.38 | — | — | — | — | 45.76 | 87.78 | 43.16 | 22.3 | 24.24 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 51.44 | 22.59 | — | |
| SGPTSize=5.8B, Evaluation Mode=Zero-shot2023.12 | 51.4 | — | — | 78.3 | — | 74.7 | — | — | 87.3 | — | 36.2 | 52.4 | 59.3 | 37.2 | — | — | — | 25.4 | 38.1 | 84.6 | 39.9 | 19.7 | 30.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 52.1 | — | — | |
| GTR-baseBackbone=T5-base, Evaluation Mode=Zero-shot2022.11 | 51.1 | 41.6 | — | 66 | — | 60 | — | — | 53.9 | 27.1 | 30.8 | 49.5 | 53.5 | 34.9 | 26.1 | 33.7 | 43.7 | 20.5 | 35.7 | 88.1 | 34.7 | 14.9 | 24.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| GTR-basezero-shot=true, backbone scale=base2023.05 | 51.1 | 41.6 | — | 66 | — | 60 | — | — | 53.9 | 27.1 | 30.8 | 49.5 | 53.5 | 34.9 | 26.1 | 33.7 | 43.7 | 20.5 | 35.7 | 88.1 | 34.7 | 14.9 | 24.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ModernBERT-embed-supervisedTraining Strategy=Baselines2026.02 | 48.96 | — | — | 87.35 | 41.47 | 69.63 | — | — | 84.15 | — | 33.4 | 62.15 | 67.11 | 40.59 | — | — | — | — | 42.08 | 88.85 | 41.5 | 18.59 | 35.67 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 52.89 | 31.91 | — | |
| ModernBERT-embed-unsupervisedTraining Strategy=Baselines2026.02 | 48.82 | — | — | 67.39 | 34.23 | 72.3 | — | — | 68.44 | — | 35.33 | 46.32 | 60 | 42.53 | — | — | — | — | 42.4 | 88.63 | 37.97 | 19.83 | 22.97 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 47.05 | 18.58 | — | |
| RepLLaMASize=7B, Evaluation Mode=Zero-shot2023.12 | 48.6 | — | — | 83.4 | — | 75.6 | — | — | 84.7 | — | 37.8 | 62.4 | 68.5 | 45.8 | — | — | — | 30.5 | 37.4 | 86.8 | 43.7 | 18.1 | 31 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 53.9 | — | — | |
| RepLLaMACategory=Retriever, Parameters=7B2026.04 | 48.6 | 54.9 | — | 82.9 | — | 75.3 | — | — | 83.9 | — | 36 | 63 | 68.8 | 45 | — | — | — | 34.1 | — | 86 | 44.8 | 16.1 | 29.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| GTE-ModernColBERTTraining Strategy=Baselines2026.02 | 48.51 | — | — | 87.44 | 45.32 | 76.34 | — | — | 83.59 | — | 37.93 | 61.8 | 77.32 | 45.28 | — | — | — | — | 41 | 86.61 | 48.03 | 19.06 | 30.62 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 54.67 | 31.23 | — | |
| DupMAEBackbone=BERT-base, Evaluation Mode=Zero-shot2022.11 | 47.4 | 47.5 | — | 80 | — | 69.9 | — | — | 72.8 | 50.8 | 34.6 | 57 | 68.1 | 34.5 | 21.3 | 42.7 | 47.9 | 34.3 | 32 | 84.5 | 41.8 | 15.3 | 23.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DupMAEzero-shot=true, domain adaptation=false2023.05 | 47.4 | 47.7 | — | 80 | — | 69.9 | — | — | 72.8 | 50.8 | 34.6 | 57 | 68.1 | 34.5 | 21.3 | 42.7 | 47.9 | 34.3 | 32 | 84.5 | 41.8 | 15.3 | 23.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| QAEncoder (QAEemb) with contrieverRetrieval Type=Dense, Variant=QAEemb, alpha=0.45, Backbone=contriever2024.09 | 47.1 | 45.8 | 33.5 | 73.1 | 26.1 | 70.2 | 25.2 | 45.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| jina-embeddings-v2-small-enRetrieval Type=Dense2024.09 | 46.7 | 48.9 | 38 | 68 | 37.3 | 63.9 | 23.5 | 65.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DupMAE†zero-shot=true, domain adaptation=true2023.05 | 46.5 | 49.1 | — | 81.7 | — | 72.5 | — | — | 77 | 51.4 | 36.6 | 57.8 | 68.3 | 37.5 | 23.7 | 43.3 | 50.3 | 38.2 | 33.6 | 85.3 | 41.9 | 16.5 | 21.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| e5-large-v2Retrieval Type=Dense2024.09 | 46.4 | 52.9 | 37.9 | 82.8 | 43.5 | 72.2 | 20.7 | 66.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| contriever-msmarcoRetrieval Type=Dense2024.09 | 44.6 | 49 | 34.5 | 75.8 | 40.7 | 67.7 | 20.4 | 59.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ContrieverEvaluation Mode=Zero-shot2022.11 | 44.6 | 44.8 | — | 75.8 | — | 67.7 | — | — | 59.6 | 38.3 | 32.8 | 49.8 | 63.8 | 32.9 | 19.9 | 42.8 | 47.6 | 20.4 | 34.5 | 86.5 | 41.3 | 16.5 | 23.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Contrieverzero-shot=true2023.05 | 44.6 | 44.8 | — | 75.8 | — | 67.7 | — | — | 59.6 | 38.3 | 32.8 | 49.8 | 63.8 | 32.9 | 19.9 | 42.8 | 47.6 | 20.4 | 34.5 | 86.5 | 41.3 | 16.5 | 23.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| embed-baseTraining Strategy=Supervised + KD from dense unsupervised, Phase=Supervised2026.02 | 44.27 | — | — | 70.51 | 45.72 | 73.78 | — | — | 71.12 | — | 35.56 | 58.89 | 71.49 | 40.09 | — | — | — | — | 42.55 | 86.96 | 43.23 | 18.19 | 32.95 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 50.72 | 25.53 | — | |
| CPT-XLSize=175B, Evaluation Mode=Zero-shot2023.12 | 43.5 | — | — | 77.5 | — | 75.4 | — | — | 64.9 | — | 40.7 | — | 68.8 | 51.2 | — | — | — | 29.1 | — | 63.8 | 43.2 | — | 22.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| RetroMAEEvaluation Mode=Zero-shot2022.11 | 43.3 | 45.2 | — | 77.4 | — | 65.3 | — | — | 77.2 | 42.1 | 30.8 | 51.8 | 63.5 | 31.6 | 26.5 | 42.8 | 44.7 | 23.7 | 31.7 | 84.7 | 39 | 15 | 23.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| RetroMAEzero-shot=true2023.05 | 43.3 | 45.2 | — | 77.4 | — | 65.3 | — | — | 77.2 | 42.1 | 30.8 | 51.8 | 63.5 | 31.6 | 26.5 | 42.8 | 44.7 | 23.7 | 31.7 | 84.7 | 39 | 15 | 23.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ColBERT-ZeroTraining Strategy=full pre-training, Phase=Supervised2026.02 | 41.81 | — | — | 72.61 | 45.68 | 73.71 | — | — | 74.72 | — | 35.6 | 61.95 | 71.37 | 42.45 | — | — | — | — | 45.16 | 87.19 | 46.2 | 19.85 | 35.01 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 51.81 | 23.83 | — | |
| BM25Size=-, Evaluation Mode=Zero-shot2023.12 | 39.7 | — | — | 65.1 | — | 67.9 | — | — | 59.5 | — | 32.2 | 30.6 | 63.3 | 23.6 | — | — | — | 44.2 | 32.5 | 78.9 | 31.8 | 14.1 | 16.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 42.9 | — | — | |
| SEEDEvaluation Mode=Zero-shot2022.11 | 38.9 | 39.1 | — | 64.1 | — | 57.5 | — | — | 62.7 | 30.8 | 27.8 | 44.6 | 54.1 | 25.9 | 25.6 | 35.8 | 36.5 | 22.5 | 29 | 85.2 | 33 | 12.4 | 17.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SEEDzero-shot=true2023.05 | 38.9 | 39.1 | — | 64.1 | — | 57.5 | — | — | 62.7 | 30.8 | 27.8 | 44.6 | 54.1 | 25.9 | 25.6 | 35.8 | 36.5 | 22.5 | 29 | 85.2 | 33 | 12.4 | 17.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| contrieverRetrieval Type=Dense2024.09 | 37.9 | 38.1 | 28.4 | 68.2 | 20.6 | 64.9 | 19.3 | 27.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| LaHoReCategory=Reranker, Parameters=7B2026.04 | 36.8 | 65.8 | — | 84.9 | — | 78.9 | — | — | 81.6 | — | 40.6 | 92 | 76.9 | 91.4 | — | — | — | 49.9 | — | 88.2 | 75.5 | 17.1 | 42.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| RabtrieverCategory=Ours, Parameters=7B2026.04 | 36.8 | 58.2 | — | 76.7 | — | 78.9 | — | — | 81.8 | — | 40.6 | 73.1 | 80 | 54.9 | — | — | — | 34.3 | — | 88.5 | 62.7 | 25 | 23.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| BM25Category=Retriever, Parameters=N/A2026.04 | 36.6 | 40.9 | — | 48.1 | — | 68.7 | — | — | 62.3 | — | 32.1 | 28.5 | 56.9 | 25.1 | — | — | — | 33.1 | — | 80.4 | 29.9 | 15.8 | 13.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DocT5QueryRetrieval Type=Sparse2024.09 | 34.9 | 49.4 | 32.5 | 71.4 | 33.8 | 67.5 | 34.7 | 71.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| BM25Retrieval Type=Sparse2024.09 | 31.5 | 46.9 | 29.9 | 75.3 | 22.8 | 66.5 | 36.7 | 65.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| BM25Retrieval Type=Sparse Retrieval, Evaluation Mode=Zero-shot2022.11 | 31.5 | 42.3 | — | 75.3 | — | 66.5 | — | — | 65.6 | 46.5 | 32.5 | 32.9 | 60.3 | 23.6 | 33 | 39.8 | 40.8 | 36.7 | 29.9 | 78.9 | 31.3 | 15.8 | 21.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| BM25zero-shot=true2023.05 | 31.5 | 42.3 | — | 75.3 | — | 66.5 | — | — | 65.6 | 46.5 | 32.5 | 32.9 | 60.3 | 23.6 | 33 | 39.8 | 40.8 | 36.7 | 29.9 | 78.9 | 31.3 | 15.8 | 21.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CondenserEvaluation Mode=Zero-shot2022.11 | 29.8 | 40.7 | — | 69.1 | — | 59.3 | — | — | 75 | 32.2 | 27.7 | 48.6 | 53.8 | 25.9 | 26.1 | 37.6 | 34.9 | 24.8 | 34.7 | 85.3 | 33.9 | 13.3 | 21.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Condenserzero-shot=true2023.05 | 29.8 | 40.7 | — | 69.1 | — | 59.3 | — | — | 75 | 32.2 | 27.7 | 48.6 | 53.8 | 25.9 | 26.1 | 37.6 | 34.9 | 24.8 | 34.7 | 85.3 | 33.9 | 13.3 | 21.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| QAEncoder (QAEemb) with dprRetrieval Type=Dense, Variant=QAEemb, alpha=0.45, Backbone=dpr2024.09 | 29.6 | 37.1 | 22.3 | 70.9 | 25.4 | 40.4 | 22.9 | 48 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| BERTEvaluation Mode=Zero-shot2022.11 | 26.5 | 37.1 | — | 68.2 | — | 53.3 | — | — | 61.5 | 25.3 | 26 | 46.7 | 48.8 | 25.2 | 20.4 | 36.2 | 35.1 | 25.9 | 28.2 | 78.7 | 31.4 | 11.3 | 18.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| BERTzero-shot=true2023.05 | 26.5 | 37.1 | — | 68.2 | — | 53.3 | — | — | 61.5 | 25.3 | 26 | 46.7 | 48.8 | 25.2 | 20.4 | 36.2 | 35.1 | 25.9 | 28.2 | 78.7 | 31.4 | 11.3 | 18.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| BERTSize=110M, Evaluation Mode=Zero-shot2023.12 | 26.5 | — | — | 68.2 | — | 53.3 | — | — | 61.5 | — | 26 | 46.7 | 48.8 | 25.2 | — | — | — | 25.9 | 28.2 | 78.7 | 31.4 | 11.3 | 18.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 39.3 | — | — | |
| dprRetrieval Type=Dense2024.09 | 17.5 | 26.4 | 15.3 | 56.2 | 17.7 | 31.8 | 13.1 | 33.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ANCETraining Method=Hard Negatives, Zero-shot=true2023.05 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 50.7 | 23.7 | 65.4 | 12.2 | 28.1 | 29.6 | 45.6 | 41.5 | 19.8 | 66.9 | 29.5 | 24 | 85.2 | 44.6 | 40.5 | — | — | |
| ANCE+BERMTraining Method=Hard Negatives, Zero-shot=true2023.05 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 51.1 | 24.8 | 66.1 | 13 | 29.3 | 29 | 46.3 | 42.8 | 20.1 | 67.4 | 28.7 | 24.8 | 85.4 | 45 | 41 | — | — | |
| BM25Retrieval Paradigm=Sparse2025.12 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 67.91 | 31.8 | 60.99 | 15.65 | 30.45 | — | 58.51 | 48.74 | 13.72 | 50.36 | 25.32 | 33.25 | — | 29.16 | — | — | — | |
| BM25 + CSQERetrieval Paradigm=Sparse2025.12 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 72.06 | 36.2 | 76.74 | 16.92 | 38.4 | — | 63.27 | 49.5 | 22.44 | 64.93 | 29.43 | 46.22 | — | 46.36 | — | — | — | |
| BM25 + GRFRetrieval Paradigm=Sparse2025.12 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 72.55 | 37.4 | 74.8 | 17.19 | 39.55 | — | 65.94 | 46.12 | 25.23 | 74.33 | 27.69 | 41.69 | — | 50.59 | — | — | — | |
| BM25 + Q2CRetrieval Paradigm=Sparse2025.12 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 70.49 | 33.36 | 68.48 | 15.54 | 35.33 | — | 56.86 | 43.67 | 22.01 | 63.09 | 25.58 | 36.7 | — | 45.01 | — | — | — | |
| BM25 + Q2DRetrieval Paradigm=Sparse2025.12 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 69.07 | 33.67 | 63.5 | 15.3 | 31.99 | — | 51.57 | 42.6 | 22.74 | 64.66 | 24.04 | 36.1 | — | 41.53 | — | — | — | |
| DPRTraining Method=Vanilla, Zero-shot=true2023.05 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 47.8 | 20.8 | 56.1 | 10.8 | 23.6 | 28.1 | 37.1 | 41.4 | 17.6 | 58.9 | 27.5 | 20.8 | 84.2 | 39.8 | 36.8 | — | — | |
| DPR+BERMTraining Method=Vanilla, Zero-shot=true2023.05 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 49.5 | 23.4 | 60 | 12 | 25.6 | 27.9 | 38.6 | 43.5 | 18.7 | 58.5 | 27.2 | 21 | 85.3 | 39.4 | 37.9 | — | — | |
| E5-BaseRetrieval Paradigm=Dense2025.12 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 68.87 | 31.13 | 39.27 | 16.21 | 32.62 | — | 67.15 | 47.83 | 21.96 | 68.32 | 33.37 | 12.85 | — | 55.88 | — | — | — | |
| E5-Base + CSQERetrieval Paradigm=Dense2025.12 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 71.46 | 34.39 | 55.32 | 15.94 | 39.9 | — | 66.51 | 41.23 | 25.2 | 71.89 | 28.98 | 23.3 | — | 56.68 | — | — | — | |
| E5-Base + GRFRetrieval Paradigm=Dense2025.12 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 69.48 | 27.58 | 58.63 | 13.8 | 29 | — | 35.86 | 29.74 | 26.19 | 65.47 | 25.47 | 21.15 | — | 36.16 | — | — | — | |
| E5-Base + Q2CRetrieval Paradigm=Dense2025.12 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 70.23 | 29.65 | 55.79 | 13.48 | 32.41 | — | 50.36 | 36.38 | 24.49 | 68.65 | 24.94 | 17.71 | — | 48.64 | — | — | — | |
| E5-Base + Q2DRetrieval Paradigm=Dense2025.12 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 70.69 | 32.29 | 62.16 | 17.04 | 38.89 | — | 57.65 | 46.15 | 26.67 | 73.38 | 35.03 | 22.79 | — | 53.43 | — | — | — | |
| KDTraining Method=Knowledge Distillation, Zero-shot=true2023.05 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 48.1 | 20.5 | 49 | 11.1 | 24.5 | 29 | 42.7 | 43.5 | 18.9 | 63.3 | 28.6 | 21.5 | 83.2 | 42 | 37.6 | — | — | |
| KD+BERMTraining Method=Knowledge Distillation, Zero-shot=true2023.05 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 50.4 | 24.2 | 50.5 | 11.5 | 26.4 | 28.1 | 43.8 | 43.7 | 19.5 | 66.4 | 28.5 | 21.6 | 83.6 | 41.9 | 38.6 | — | — | |
| TCDERetrieval Paradigm=Sparse, Base Retriever=BM252025.12 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 73.71 | 35.81 | 71.89 | 16.51 | 37.98 | — | 64.31 | 51.35 | 23.18 | 73.07 | 31.65 | 37.9 | — | 44.3 | — | — | — | |
| TCDERetrieval Paradigm=Dense, Base Retriever=E5-Base2025.12 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 73.25 | 35.24 | 64.87 | 18.45 | 41.84 | — | 67.73 | 50.81 | 24.77 | 75.89 | 36.53 | 18.85 | — | 58.2 | — | — | — |