Information Retrieval on BEIR
0.9954SciFactDIVE
Evaluation results
| Method | Links | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DIVEEmbedding Dimension=256d, Adaptor=true2026.05 | 0.9954 | — | — | — | 0.8097 | — | — | 0.9345 | — | — | — | 0.6459 | — | — | 0.9342 | — | 0.3119 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SearchEmbedding Dimension=256d, Adaptor=true2026.05 | 0.9885 | — | — | — | 0.4289 | — | — | 0.5083 | — | — | — | 0.6052 | — | — | 0.7489 | — | 0.0724 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SMECEmbedding Dimension=256d, Adaptor=true2026.05 | 0.9042 | — | — | — | 0.331 | — | — | 0.207 | — | — | — | 0.5868 | — | — | 0.7922 | — | 0.0258 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| MatryoshkaEmbedding Dimension=256d, Adaptor=true2026.05 | 0.783 | — | — | — | 0.1258 | — | — | 0.2814 | — | — | — | 0.3974 | — | — | 0.8545 | — | 0.0634 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ADOREDense Retriever=BGE-base-en-v1.5, LLM Backbone=GPT-4.12026.06 | 0.776 | — | 0.851 | — | — | — | — | 0.421 | — | 0.494 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.41 | — | — | — | — | 0.59 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Rank1-7BBackbone=7B2026.05 | 0.772 | — | 0.819 | — | — | — | — | 0.395 | — | — | — | — | 0.228 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 38.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Rank1-14BBackbone=14B2026.05 | 0.77 | — | 0.782 | — | — | — | — | 0.379 | — | — | — | — | 0.271 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 37.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| RICE-POBackbone=Qwen2.5-3B-Instruct2026.05 | 0.7696 | — | 0.9859 | — | — | — | — | 0.4594 | — | — | — | — | 0.4063 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 66.29 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| RICE-POBackbone=DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-1.5B2026.05 | 0.769 | — | 0.9833 | — | — | — | — | 0.461 | — | — | — | — | 0.4185 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 65.11 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Rank1-32BBackbone=32B2026.05 | 0.768 | — | 0.819 | — | — | — | — | 0.418 | — | — | — | — | 0.199 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 40.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Tree-GRPOBackbone=Qwen2.5-3B-Instruct2026.05 | 0.7647 | — | 0.9762 | — | — | — | — | 0.4565 | — | — | — | — | 0.4065 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 64.71 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| EffiR-16M#Params=4.3B, Query-Speedup=1.64×, Doc-Speedup=1.55×2025.12 | 0.764 | — | 0.842 | — | 0.354 | 0.638 | 0.701 | 0.449 | — | — | — | 0.545 | 0.284 | — | 0.837 | 0.422 | 0.171 | 0.833 | 0.316 | — | 0.553 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| HGPOBackbone=Qwen2.5-3B-Instruct2026.05 | 0.764 | — | 0.974 | — | — | — | — | 0.4558 | — | — | — | — | 0.399 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 64.23 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| EffiR-8A#Params=6.8B, Query-Speedup=1.08×, Doc-Speedup=1.08×2025.12 | 0.762 | — | 0.863 | — | 0.316 | 0.645 | 0.681 | 0.455 | — | — | — | 0.561 | 0.323 | — | 0.879 | 0.401 | 0.172 | 0.791 | 0.299 | — | 0.538 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| MonoT5-3BBackbone=T5-3B2026.05 | 0.761 | — | 0.796 | — | — | — | — | 0.465 | — | — | — | — | 0.307 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 44.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Q2DDense Retriever=BGE-base-en-v1.5, LLM Backbone=GPT-4.1, Prompting Strategy=Zero-Shot (ZS)2026.06 | 0.761 | — | 0.806 | — | — | — | — | 0.415 | — | 0.476 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.431 | — | — | — | — | 0.578 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| GRPOBackbone=Qwen2.5-3B-Instruct2026.05 | 0.7606 | — | 0.9815 | — | — | — | — | 0.4516 | — | — | — | — | 0.3907 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 64.57 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Mistral-7B*#Params=7.1B, Query-Speedup=1.00×, Doc-Speedup=1.00×2025.12 | 0.759 | — | 0.841 | — | 0.347 | 0.65 | 0.705 | 0.459 | — | — | — | 0.582 | 0.357 | — | 0.831 | 0.442 | 0.172 | 0.835 | 0.308 | — | 0.561 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| GiGPOBackbone=Qwen2.5-3B-Instruct2026.05 | 0.759 | — | 0.9748 | — | — | — | — | 0.4607 | — | — | — | — | 0.3832 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 65.69 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| GenQREnsembleDense Retriever=BGE-base-en-v1.5, LLM Backbone=GPT-4.12026.06 | 0.759 | — | 0.8 | — | — | — | — | 0.403 | — | 0.475 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.376 | — | — | — | — | 0.562 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Q2DDense Retriever=BGE-base-en-v1.5, LLM Backbone=GPT-4.1, Prompting Strategy=Chain-of-Thought (CoT)2026.06 | 0.758 | — | 0.798 | — | — | — | — | 0.401 | — | 0.433 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.368 | — | — | — | — | 0.552 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| EffiR-20M#Params=3.6B, Query-Speedup=1.93×, Doc-Speedup=1.80×2025.12 | 0.757 | — | 0.857 | — | 0.331 | 0.608 | 0.679 | 0.431 | — | — | — | 0.514 | 0.281 | — | 0.865 | 0.374 | 0.17 | 0.797 | 0.319 | — | 0.537 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DCI-Agent-CCBackbone=Sonnet 4.62026.05 | 0.757 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.853 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| LameRDense Retriever=BGE-base-en-v1.5, LLM Backbone=GPT-4.12026.06 | 0.757 | — | 0.78 | — | — | — | — | 0.408 | — | 0.437 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.402 | — | — | — | — | 0.557 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| MUGIDense Retriever=BGE-base-en-v1.5, LLM Backbone=GPT-4.12026.06 | 0.757 | — | 0.802 | — | — | — | — | 0.429 | — | 0.49 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.44 | — | — | — | — | 0.584 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| RepLLaMA#Params=6.6B, Query-Speedup=1.05×, Doc-Speedup=0.98×2025.12 | 0.756 | — | 0.847 | — | 0.378 | 0.624 | 0.685 | 0.458 | — | — | — | 0.486 | 0.305 | — | 0.868 | 0.437 | 0.181 | 0.834 | 0.31 | — | 0.551 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| GTE-MC2026.05 | 0.756 | 0.453 | — | — | 0.381 | 0.617 | 0.773 | 0.456 | — | — | — | 0.477 | 0.316 | 0.41 | 0.867 | 0.475 | 0.192 | 0.875 | 0.306 | — | 0.547 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.849 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ReasonRank-32BModel Size=32B2026.05 | 0.755 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.287 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CSQEDense Retriever=BGE-base-en-v1.5, LLM Backbone=GPT-4.12026.06 | 0.755 | — | 0.788 | — | — | — | — | 0.407 | — | 0.463 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.424 | — | — | — | — | 0.567 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ADORECategory=Query Expansions w/ BM25, Backbone LLM=GPT-4.12026.06 | 0.755 | — | 0.774 | — | — | — | — | 0.315 | — | 0.52 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.407 | — | — | — | — | 0.554 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| cpt-text-XLTraining=Unsupervised + Supervised, Architecture=Bi-Encoder2022.02 | 0.754 | — | 0.649 | 0.407 | 0.407 | 0.588 | 0.688 | 0.512 | — | — | — | 0.435 | 0.291 | 0.628 | 0.638 | 0.432 | — | 0.775 | 0.223 | 0.528 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| GiGPOBackbone=DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-1.5B2026.05 | 0.7537 | — | 0.9561 | — | — | — | — | 0.4385 | — | — | — | — | 0.4147 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 63.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| GTE-Qwen2-7B-InstructBackbone=Qwen2, Model Size=7B2026.05 | 0.753 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.627 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Q2DDense Retriever=BGE-base-en-v1.5, LLM Backbone=GPT-4.1, Prompting Strategy=Few-Shot (FS)2026.06 | 0.752 | — | 0.804 | — | — | — | — | 0.421 | — | 0.472 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.43 | — | — | — | — | 0.576 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| EffiR#Params=3.4B, Query-Speedup=1.97×, Doc-Speedup=1.82×2025.12 | 0.751 | — | 0.833 | — | 0.359 | 0.608 | 0.676 | 0.428 | — | — | — | 0.528 | 0.317 | — | 0.833 | 0.43 | 0.174 | 0.82 | 0.304 | — | 0.543 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Nomic+Latent Termsbase_retriever=Nomic2026.05 | 0.749 | 0.417 | — | — | 0.372 | 0.577 | 0.732 | 0.382 | — | — | — | 0.462 | 0.315 | 0.394 | 0.855 | 0.436 | 0.184 | 0.885 | 0.35 | — | 0.526 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.783 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Rank1-32BModel Size=32B2026.05 | 0.748 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.576 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| GenQRDense Retriever=BGE-base-en-v1.5, LLM Backbone=GPT-4.12026.06 | 0.748 | — | 0.778 | — | — | — | — | 0.392 | — | 0.464 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.356 | — | — | — | — | 0.548 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ThinkQEDense Retriever=BGE-base-en-v1.5, LLM Backbone=GPT-4.12026.06 | 0.748 | — | 0.8 | — | — | — | — | 0.415 | — | 0.494 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.429 | — | — | — | — | 0.577 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SGPT-5.8BTraining=Unsupervised + Supervised, Architecture=Bi-Encoder2022.02 | 0.747 | 0.399 | 0.873 | 0.413 | 0.362 | 0.524 | 0.593 | 0.372 | 0.267 | 0.481 | 0.514 | 0.514 | 0.254 | 0.381 | 0.846 | 0.399 | 0.197 | 0.783 | 0.305 | 0.55 | 0.49 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Tree-GRPOBackbone=DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-1.5B2026.05 | 0.7465 | — | 0.9749 | — | — | — | — | 0.4561 | — | — | — | — | 0.4018 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 64.81 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| cpt-text-LTraining=Unsupervised + Supervised, Architecture=Bi-Encoder2022.02 | 0.744 | — | 0.562 | — | 0.38 | 0.528 | 0.648 | 0.452 | — | — | — | 0.469 | 0.309 | — | 0.677 | 0.412 | 0.177 | 0.756 | 0.194 | 0.509 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Query2EDense Retriever=BGE-base-en-v1.5, LLM Backbone=GPT-4.12026.06 | 0.742 | — | 0.774 | — | — | — | — | 0.392 | — | 0.445 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.325 | — | — | — | — | 0.536 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| BGE-base-en-v1.5Dense Retriever=BGE-base-en-v1.52026.06 | 0.741 | — | 0.78 | — | — | — | — | 0.407 | — | 0.442 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.407 | — | — | — | — | 0.555 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| BGE-base-en-v1.5Category=Dense2026.06 | 0.741 | — | 0.78 | — | — | — | — | 0.407 | — | 0.442 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.407 | — | — | — | — | 0.555 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| HGPOBackbone=DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-1.5B2026.05 | 0.7391 | — | 0.9603 | — | — | — | — | 0.4355 | — | — | — | — | 0.4121 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 63.15 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| QWEN-4B*#Params=3.6B, Query-Speedup=2.22×, Doc-Speedup=2.18×2025.12 | 0.737 | — | 0.83 | — | 0.356 | 0.604 | 0.65 | 0.401 | — | — | — | 0.486 | 0.291 | — | 0.833 | 0.431 | 0.143 | 0.802 | 0.234 | — | 0.526 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| REPLUGModel Size=3B2025.06 | 0.737 | — | 0.462 | — | 0.269 | 0.381 | 0.339 | 0.248 | — | — | — | 0.38 | 0.015 | — | 0.833 | 0.234 | 0.153 | 0.543 | 0.13 | — | 0.363 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| QA-ExpandDense Retriever=BGE-base-en-v1.5, LLM Backbone=GPT-4.12026.06 | 0.737 | — | 0.795 | — | — | — | — | 0.416 | — | 0.47 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.401 | — | — | — | — | 0.564 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| MuGIBackbone Size=4B2026.06 | 0.735 | — | 0.672 | — | 0.357 | 0.419 | 0.642 | 0.245 | 0.344 | 0.438 | 0.473 | — | 0.456 | — | — | 0.382 | 0.15 | — | — | — | 0.443 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| MUGICategory=Query Expansions w/ BM25, Backbone LLM=GPT-4.12026.06 | 0.735 | — | 0.714 | — | — | — | — | 0.264 | — | 0.516 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.41 | — | — | — | — | 0.528 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ThinkQECategory=Query Expansions w/ BM25, Backbone LLM=GPT-4.12026.06 | 0.735 | — | 0.733 | — | — | — | — | 0.273 | — | 0.512 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.42 | — | — | — | — | 0.535 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| RevelaModel Size=3B2025.06 | 0.733 | — | 0.667 | — | 0.33 | 0.408 | 0.588 | 0.343 | — | — | — | 0.453 | 0.269 | — | 0.838 | 0.271 | 0.176 | 0.629 | 0.166 | — | 0.452 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| E5-baseTraining Type=Supervised fine-tuning, Backbone Scale=base2022.12 | 0.731 | 0.431 | 0.796 | — | 0.366 | 0.6 | 0.622 | 0.364 | — | — | — | 0.514 | 0.283 | 0.389 | 0.879 | 0.41 | 0.19 | 0.582 | 0.154 | — | 0.487 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| PromptingBackbone=Qwen2.5-3B-Instruct2026.05 | 0.73 | — | 0.9387 | — | — | — | — | 0.4134 | — | — | — | — | 0.3836 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 61.56 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| GTE-MC+Latent Termsbase_retriever=GTE-MC2026.05 | 0.73 | 0.325 | — | — | 0.374 | 0.509 | 0.653 | 0.399 | — | — | — | 0.479 | 0.405 | 0.349 | 0.865 | 0.387 | 0.171 | 0.814 | 0.282 | — | 0.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.759 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| STORM64Backbone Size=8B2026.06 | 0.728 | — | 0.796 | — | 0.368 | 0.463 | 0.659 | 0.284 | 0.335 | 0.502 | 0.56 | — | 0.444 | — | — | 0.401 | 0.158 | — | — | — | 0.475 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DCI-Agent-LiteBackbone=GPT-5.4 nano2026.05 | 0.727 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.819 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| RankLLaMA-13BBackbone=LLaMA-13B2026.05 | 0.727 | — | 0.808 | — | — | — | — | 0.441 | — | — | — | — | 0.392 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 44.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| E5-largeTraining Type=Supervised fine-tuning, Backbone Scale=large2022.12 | 0.726 | 0.441 | 0.783 | — | 0.361 | 0.629 | 0.633 | 0.386 | — | — | — | 0.494 | 0.272 | 0.394 | 0.882 | 0.424 | 0.201 | 0.65 | 0.224 | — | 0.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| GenQRCategory=Query Expansions w/ BM25, Backbone LLM=GPT-4.12026.06 | 0.726 | — | 0.687 | — | — | — | — | 0.23 | — | 0.465 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.344 | — | — | — | — | 0.49 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| GenQREnsembleCategory=Query Expansions w/ BM25, Backbone LLM=GPT-4.12026.06 | 0.725 | — | 0.753 | — | — | — | — | 0.239 | — | 0.486 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.36 | — | — | — | — | 0.513 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| LameRCategory=Query Expansions w/ BM25, Backbone LLM=GPT-4.12026.06 | 0.725 | — | 0.702 | — | — | — | — | 0.262 | — | 0.48 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.399 | — | — | — | — | 0.514 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| GRPOBackbone=DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-1.5B2026.05 | 0.7241 | — | 0.9715 | — | — | — | — | 0.4349 | — | — | — | — | 0.4204 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 62.35 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Gemma-2B*#Params=2.6B, Query-Speedup=3.24×, Doc-Speedup=3.59×2025.12 | 0.724 | — | 0.769 | — | 0.337 | 0.587 | 0.657 | 0.406 | — | — | — | 0.575 | 0.283 | — | 0.777 | 0.377 | 0.154 | 0.783 | 0.377 | — | 0.515 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| EffiR-16A#Params=6.4B, Query-Speedup=1.15×, Doc-Speedup=1.17×2025.12 | 0.724 | — | 0.84 | — | 0.342 | 0.624 | 0.662 | 0.435 | — | — | — | 0.474 | 0.307 | — | 0.846 | 0.421 | 0.177 | 0.774 | 0.294 | — | 0.537 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| UnsupervisedProtocol=Zero-shot, Metric=nDCG@10, Backbone=ModernBERT-base (149M)2026.05 | 0.724 | 0.186 | 0.679 | — | 0.354 | 0.463 | 0.6 | 0.424 | — | — | — | 0.376 | — | — | 0.888 | 0.381 | 0.198 | 0.674 | 0.23 | — | 0.475 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| E5Model Size=0.3B2025.06 | 0.723 | — | 0.618 | — | 0.337 | 0.417 | 0.522 | 0.432 | — | — | — | 0.444 | 0.198 | — | 0.81 | 0.371 | 0.218 | 0.686 | 0.157 | — | 0.456 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Rank-R1-14BModel Size=14B2026.05 | 0.722 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.313 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| STORM64Backbone Size=4B2026.06 | 0.722 | — | 0.752 | — | 0.364 | 0.447 | 0.645 | 0.277 | 0.336 | 0.487 | 0.535 | — | 0.473 | — | — | 0.396 | 0.155 | — | — | — | 0.466 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CSQECategory=Query Expansions w/ BM25, Backbone LLM=GPT-4.12026.06 | 0.721 | — | 0.699 | — | — | — | — | 0.247 | — | 0.479 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.39 | — | — | — | — | 0.507 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Revela-codeModel Size=3B2025.06 | 0.72 | — | 0.607 | — | 0.329 | 0.41 | 0.578 | 0.332 | — | — | — | 0.443 | 0.305 | — | 0.856 | 0.309 | 0.188 | 0.663 | 0.186 | — | 0.456 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Query2Doc (ZS)Category=Query Expansions w/ BM25, Backbone LLM=GPT-4.1, Mode=Zero-Shot2026.06 | 0.72 | — | 0.743 | — | — | — | — | 0.26 | — | 0.498 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.406 | — | — | — | — | 0.525 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| RevelaModel Size=1B2025.06 | 0.719 | — | 0.601 | — | 0.272 | 0.339 | 0.56 | 0.304 | — | — | — | 0.446 | 0.257 | — | 0.835 | 0.276 | 0.163 | 0.617 | 0.158 | — | 0.427 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| MuGIBackbone Size=8B2026.06 | 0.717 | — | 0.69 | — | 0.354 | 0.448 | 0.657 | 0.245 | 0.348 | 0.463 | 0.484 | — | 0.463 | — | — | 0.398 | 0.153 | — | — | — | 0.452 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| arctic-embed-m-v1.5Size=109M2025.09 | 0.716 | — | 0.846 | — | 0.362 | 0.625 | 0.722 | 0.424 | — | — | — | 0.595 | 0.314 | 0.45 | 0.874 | 0.456 | 0.215 | 0.884 | 0.369 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 56.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| STORM32Backbone Size=1.7B2026.06 | 0.716 | — | 0.752 | — | 0.362 | 0.402 | 0.63 | 0.279 | 0.328 | 0.457 | 0.522 | — | 0.473 | — | — | 0.374 | 0.153 | — | — | — | 0.454 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| W2PBackbone Size=4B2026.06 | 0.715 | — | 0.753 | — | 0.361 | 0.433 | 0.656 | 0.249 | 0.346 | 0.47 | 0.498 | — | 0.476 | — | — | 0.385 | 0.156 | — | — | — | 0.458 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CoveR (w/o pFT)Protocol=Zero-shot, Metric=nDCG@10, Backbone=ModernBERT-base (149M)2026.05 | 0.714 | 0.207 | 0.71 | — | 0.349 | 0.525 | 0.611 | 0.409 | — | — | — | 0.364 | — | — | 0.874 | 0.391 | 0.203 | 0.763 | 0.246 | — | 0.49 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Query2Doc (CoT)Category=Query Expansions w/ BM25, Backbone LLM=GPT-4.1, Mode=CoT2026.06 | 0.714 | — | 0.728 | — | — | — | — | 0.258 | — | 0.466 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.393 | — | — | — | — | 0.512 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Contriever+Latent Termsbase_retriever=Contriever2026.05 | 0.713 | 0.366 | — | — | 0.34 | 0.468 | 0.627 | 0.317 | — | — | — | 0.436 | 0.357 | 0.347 | 0.86 | 0.409 | 0.165 | 0.751 | 0.254 | — | 0.474 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.709 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| QUESTERBackbone Size=8B2026.06 | 0.713 | — | 0.698 | — | 0.363 | 0.423 | 0.634 | 0.263 | 0.305 | 0.468 | 0.531 | — | 0.414 | — | — | 0.36 | 0.152 | — | — | — | 0.444 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| cpt-text-LTraining=Unsupervised, Architecture=Bi-Encoder2022.02 | 0.712 | — | 0.427 | — | 0.369 | 0.337 | 0.543 | 0.397 | — | — | — | 0.392 | 0.228 | — | 0.687 | 0.312 | — | 0.638 | 0.161 | 0.442 | 0.395 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| MuGIBackbone Size=1.7B2026.06 | 0.712 | — | 0.696 | — | 0.354 | 0.39 | 0.631 | 0.236 | 0.346 | 0.438 | 0.466 | — | 0.459 | — | — | 0.385 | 0.144 | — | — | — | 0.438 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Query2Doc (FS)Category=Query Expansions w/ BM25, Backbone LLM=GPT-4.1, Mode=Few-Shot2026.06 | 0.712 | — | 0.708 | — | — | — | — | 0.268 | — | 0.48 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.401 | — | — | — | — | 0.514 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| RankLLaMA-7BBackbone=LLaMA-7B2026.05 | 0.711 | — | 0.802 | — | — | — | — | 0.421 | — | — | — | — | 0.414 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 43.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| W2PBackbone Size=1.7B2026.06 | 0.711 | — | 0.747 | — | 0.359 | 0.386 | 0.632 | 0.235 | 0.352 | 0.452 | 0.482 | — | 0.487 | — | — | 0.373 | 0.147 | — | — | — | 0.447 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SPLADE-v3Protocol=Zero-shot, Metric=nDCG@10, Size=110M2026.05 | 0.71 | 0.293 | 0.748 | — | 0.357 | 0.586 | 0.692 | 0.374 | — | — | — | 0.509 | — | — | 0.814 | 0.45 | 0.158 | 0.796 | 0.233 | — | 0.517 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SPLADE-v32026.05 | 0.71 | 0.469 | — | — | 0.357 | 0.586 | 0.692 | 0.374 | — | — | — | 0.509 | 0.293 | 0.344 | 0.814 | 0.45 | 0.158 | 0.796 | 0.233 | — | 0.502 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.748 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CoveR (pFT: MS)Protocol=Zero-shot, Metric=nDCG@10, Backbone=ModernBERT-base (149M), Pre-finetuning=MSMARCO2026.05 | 0.709 | 0.263 | 0.784 | — | 0.345 | 0.558 | 0.622 | 0.398 | — | — | — | 0.36 | — | — | 0.849 | 0.39 | 0.196 | 0.789 | 0.263 | — | 0.502 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Query2ECategory=Query Expansions w/ BM25, Backbone LLM=GPT-4.12026.06 | 0.709 | — | 0.715 | — | — | — | — | 0.269 | — | 0.463 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.378 | — | — | — | — | 0.507 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| W2PBackbone Size=8B2026.06 | 0.708 | — | 0.744 | — | 0.366 | 0.452 | 0.67 | 0.263 | 0.35 | 0.477 | 0.504 | — | 0.491 | — | — | 0.393 | 0.154 | — | — | — | 0.464 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| QA-ExpandCategory=Query Expansions w/ BM25, Backbone LLM=GPT-4.12026.06 | 0.706 | — | 0.707 | — | — | — | — | 0.264 | — | 0.45 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.37 | — | — | — | — | 0.499 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Llama-1B*#Params=1.2B, Query-Speedup=6.71×, Doc-Speedup=6.91×2025.12 | 0.704 | — | 0.817 | — | 0.323 | 0.578 | 0.652 | 0.378 | — | — | — | 0.497 | 0.293 | — | 0.824 | 0.382 | 0.17 | 0.818 | 0.264 | — | 0.515 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SPLADE++Size=110M2025.09 | 0.704 | — | 0.727 | — | 0.347 | 0.538 | 0.687 | 0.347 | — | — | — | 0.52 | 0.247 | 0.334 | 0.834 | 0.437 | 0.159 | 0.788 | 0.23 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 49.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SPLADE-v2Backbone Size=None2026.06 | 0.704 | — | 0.727 | — | 0.347 | 0.538 | 0.687 | 0.347 | 0.301 | 0.415 | 0.468 | — | 0.247 | — | — | 0.437 | 0.159 | — | — | — | 0.448 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| RelevanceProtocol=Zero-shot, Metric=nDCG@10, Backbone=ModernBERT-base (149M)2026.05 | 0.703 | 0.265 | 0.82 | — | 0.335 | 0.553 | 0.63 | 0.396 | — | — | — | 0.34 | — | — | 0.862 | 0.39 | 0.182 | 0.773 | 0.263 | — | 0.501 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Nomic2026.05 | 0.703 | 0.424 | — | — | 0.346 | 0.598 | 0.672 | 0.377 | — | — | — | 0.481 | 0.298 | 0.394 | 0.85 | 0.431 | 0.187 | 0.813 | 0.412 | — | 0.521 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.822 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| leaf-irSize=23M, Asymmetric Mode=true2025.09 | 0.702 | — | 0.826 | — | 0.362 | 0.612 | 0.685 | 0.413 | — | — | — | 0.59 | 0.301 | 0.424 | 0.86 | 0.45 | 0.203 | 0.865 | 0.375 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 54.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| STORM32Backbone Size=0.6B2026.06 | 0.702 | — | 0.725 | — | 0.325 | 0.371 | 0.627 | 0.257 | 0.323 | 0.404 | 0.485 | — | 0.459 | — | — | 0.342 | 0.147 | — | — | — | 0.431 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |