Image Compression on Kodak (test)
-75.84BD-Rate (LPIPS)FlowCodec-Qwen
Evaluation results
| Method | Links | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FlowCodec-QwenBackbone=Qwen2026.06 | -75.84 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | -81.21 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| StableCodec2026.06 | -74.45 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | -78.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DLF2026.06 | -72.82 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | -75.74 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| OneDC2026.06 | -71.19 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | -76.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FlowCodec-FLUXBackbone=FLUX2026.06 | -69.78 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | -76.96 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| GLC2026.06 | -67.89 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | -67.83 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| EF-LICEnc.(ms)=17.62, Dec.(ms)=13.72, FLOPs(G)=279.61, Params(M)=35.742026.05 | -67.86 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ProGICEncoding time (ms)=7.64, Decoding time (ms)=10.99, FLOPs (G)=333.38, Parameters (M)=33.112026.03 | -58.83 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| EF-LIC-sEnc.(ms)=9.94, Dec.(ms)=6.26, FLOPs(G)=179.19, Params(M)=11.512026.05 | -55.38 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ProGIC-sEncoding time (ms)=6.13, Decoding time (ms)=7.66, FLOPs (G)=108.28, Parameters (M)=14.442026.03 | -52.73 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| RDEICEnc.(ms)=157.25, Dec.(ms)=426.68, FLOPs(G)=7767.46, Params(M)=1380.272026.05 | -52.08 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| RDEIC2026.06 | -52.02 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | -39.56 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ResULIC2026.06 | -41.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | -38.59 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| OSCAR2026.06 | -39.41 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | -49.05 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DiffEIC2026.06 | -37.92 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | -33.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DiffEICEncoding time (ms)=210.18, Decoding time (ms)=4661.74, FLOPs (G)=57339.93, Parameters (M)=1379.502026.03 | -37.71 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DiffEICEnc.(ms)=210.18, Dec.(ms)=4661.74, FLOPs(G)=57339.93, Params(M)=1379.502026.05 | -37.71 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| OSCAREncoding time (ms)=53.04, Decoding time (ms)=167.56, FLOPs (G)=6485.61, Parameters (M)=1009.302026.03 | -37.31 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| OSCAREnc.(ms)=53.04, Dec.(ms)=167.56, FLOPs(G)=6485.61, Params(M)=1009.302026.05 | -37.31 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Dual-Representation Image Compression2026.02 | -27.11 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | -29.92 | -48.38 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ResULIC2026.02 | -24.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | -13.13 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| GLC2026.02 | -20.94 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | -5.96 | -18.32 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| RDEIC2026.02 | -3.66 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 93.89 | 8.69 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| AFP-GIC2026.05 | -0.0061 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.285 | — | 0.0021 | — | — | — | — | — | -0.2689 | |
| DC-VIC2026.05 | -0.005 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.0659 | — | -0.0045 | — | — | — | — | — | -0.2008 | |
| DiffC2026.02 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| MS-ILLMEncoding time (ms)=165.38, Decoding time (ms)=147.79, FLOPs (G)=599.52, Parameters (M)=181.402026.03 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| MS-ILLM2026.05 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | — | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | |
| MS-ILLMEnc.(ms)=165.38, Dec.(ms)=147.79, FLOPs(G)=599.52, Params(M)=181.402026.05 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| MS-ILLMrole=anchor2026.06 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CRDR2026.05 | 0.0048 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.9689 | — | 0.0063 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.0922 | |
| HiFiC2026.05 | 0.022 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | -0.3895 | — | 0.0214 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.0943 | |
| MS-ILLM2026.02 | 14.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 213.84 | 54.07 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| OSCAR2026.02 | 21.26 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 11.26 | 37.32 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Control-GICEncoding time (ms)=103.56, Decoding time (ms)=436.26, FLOPs (G)=5816.37, Parameters (M)=130.362026.03 | 33.36 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Control-GICEnc.(ms)=103.56, Dec.(ms)=436.26, FLOPs(G)=5816.37, Params(M)=130.362026.05 | 33.36 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| HiFiCEncoding time (ms)=526.51, Decoding time (ms)=1408.60, FLOPs (G)=599.51, Parameters (M)=181.602026.03 | 45.82 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| HiFiCEnc.(ms)=526.51, Dec.(ms)=1408.60, FLOPs(G)=599.51, Params(M)=181.602026.05 | 45.82 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| PerCo2026.02 | 46.68 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 68.97 | -18.1 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DiffEIC2026.02 | 64.18 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 107.06 | 38.89 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Control-GIC2026.06 | 81.53 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 106.71 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DCVC-RT2026.06 | 244.62 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 504.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| LIC-HPCMEncoding time (ms)=62.37, Decoding time (ms)=82.88, FLOPs (G)=732.47, Parameters (M)=68.502026.03 | 274.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| LIC-HPCMEnc.(ms)=62.37, Dec.(ms)=82.88, FLOPs(G)=732.47, Params(M)=68.502026.05 | 274.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| VTM-23.10 (Intra)Encoding time (ms)=>9999, Decoding time (ms)=150.302026.03 | 313.84 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| H.266/VVCEnc.(ms)=>9999, Dec.(ms)=150.302026.05 | 313.84 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| VTM-23.102026.06 | 313.84 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 480.92 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DCVC-RT (Intra)Encoding time (ms)=14.09, Decoding time (ms)=17.08, FLOPs (G)=382.98, Parameters (M)=45.652026.03 | 393.72 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DCVC-RTEnc.(ms)=14.09, Dec.(ms)=17.08, FLOPs(G)=382.98, Params(M)=45.652026.05 | 393.72 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Ballé et al.Base Architecture=Ballé (2018), Slimmable=false2021.03 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 9.68 | -41.46 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Ballé20182022.03 | — | 40.85 | 13.07 | 17.24 | 11.9 | 16.14 | 1.17 | 1.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| BPG2022.03 | — | 27.21 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CDC2026.01 | — | — | 7 | 3,081 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 116.47 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Cheng2020Sp. Context=Serial [S]2022.03 | — | 3.35 | 41.42 | — | 36.99 | 47.35 | 0.96 | 1.12 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Cheng2020[P]Sp. Context=Parallel [P]2022.03 | — | 3.89 | 45.43 | 53.01 | 36.84 | 44.2 | 0.93 | 1.15 | 7.66 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CleanModel Architecture=HiFi-VRIC2026.05 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1.03 | — | |
| CleanModel Architecture=CCA2026.05 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.72 | — | |
| CleanModel Architecture=DCAE2026.05 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.106 | — | |
| CleanModel Architecture=LALIC2026.05 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.111 | — | |
| DiffCRsampling steps=22026.01 | — | — | 76 | 481 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DiffEIC2026.01 | — | — | 402 | 6,618 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 28.062 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DiffPC2026.01 | — | — | 89 | 7,325 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 26.831 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ELICSp. Context=Parallel [P]2022.03 | — | -7.88 | 42.44 | 49.16 | 31.16 | 38.33 | 1.18 | 1.59 | 10.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ELIC2025.02 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | -7.57 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ELIC2026.01 | — | — | 9 | 8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1,017.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ELICbpp=0.0272026.03 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 24.22 | 81.1 | 0.42 | — | — | |
| ELIC-smSp. Context=Parallel [P]2022.03 | — | -1.07 | 22.64 | 27.8 | 12.55 | 17.37 | 1.07 | 1.41 | 9.02 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FAT2025.02 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | -51.64 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Gao2021Sp. Context=Serial [S]2022.03 | — | -10.94 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| GMA-VRFine-tuning Strategy=pre-trained2024.02 | — | 0.0443 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| GMA-VRFine-tuning Strategy=Fine-tune encoder only2024.02 | — | 0.0443 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| GMA-VRFine-tuning Strategy=Fine-tune encoder & decoder2024.02 | — | 3.546 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| GMA-VRFine-tuning Strategy=Knowledge Replay (ours)2024.02 | — | 0.0433 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Guo2021Sp. Context=Serial [S]2022.03 | — | -7.02 | 190.41 | — | 154.08 | 431.68 | 3.67 | 1.61 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| HiFiC2026.01 | — | — | 12 | 62 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 376.04 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| JPEG2022.03 | — | 266.32 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| LALIC2025.02 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | -51.23 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| LIC-TCMbpp=0.0282026.03 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 24.53 | 81.97 | 0.55 | — | — | |
| MDJCM-AMACs (G)=412.91, Params (M)=32.932025.12 | — | — | 20.8 | 17.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Minnen et al.Base Architecture=Minnen (2018), Slimmable=false2021.03 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | -8.94 | -46.92 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Minnen2018Sp. Context=Serial [S]2022.03 | — | 14.92 | 18.14 | — | 12.75 | 17.34 | 1.69 | 1.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Minnen2018[P]Sp. Context=Parallel [P]2022.03 | — | 20 | 18.84 | 24.52 | 11.63 | 17.32 | 1.47 | 1.46 | 5.74 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Minnen20202022.03 | — | 1.11 | 60.76 | 65.75 | 10.6 | 15.41 | 1.36 | 1.54 | 48.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| MLIC++2025.02 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | -52.99 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| MS-ILLM2026.01 | — | — | 69 | 68 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 125.25 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| MSH-VRFine-tuning Strategy=pre-trained2024.02 | — | 0.267 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| MSH-VRFine-tuning Strategy=Fine-tune encoder only2024.02 | — | 0.267 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| MSH-VRFine-tuning Strategy=Fine-tune encoder & decoder2024.02 | — | 4.191 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| MSH-VRFine-tuning Strategy=Knowledge Replay (ours)2024.02 | — | 0.201 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| NTSCCMACs (G)=262.8, Params (M)=31.362025.12 | — | — | 20.3 | 3.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| NTSCC+MACs (G)=326, Params (M)=58.592025.12 | — | — | 29.2 | 7.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Our modelFine-tuning Strategy=pre-trained2024.02 | — | 0.0187 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Our modelFine-tuning Strategy=Fine-tune encoder only2024.02 | — | 0.0187 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Our modelFine-tuning Strategy=Fine-tune encoder & decoder2024.02 | — | 2.629 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Our modelFine-tuning Strategy=Knowledge Replay2024.02 | — | 0.0087 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Perco2026.01 | — | — | 131 | 7,455 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 90.757 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| PGDModel Architecture=CCA, Step Size (alpha)=0.0012026.05 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 5.339 | — | |
| PGDModel Architecture=CCA, Step Size (alpha)=0.0022026.05 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 4.839 | — | |
| PGDModel Architecture=CCA, Step Size (alpha)=0.0042026.05 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 3.619 | — | |
| PGDModel Architecture=DCAE, Step Size (alpha)=0.0012026.05 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.528 | — |