Image Classification on SUN397, Cars, RESISC45, EuroSAT, SVHN, GTSRB, MNIST, DTD (test)
94.3Avg AccFine-tuning
Evaluation results
| Method | Links | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fine-tuningBackbone=ViT-L/142026.05 | 94.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| IndividualBackbone=ViT-L/14, Pre-trained=CLIP2024.05 | 94.2 | 82.3 | 92.4 | 97.4 | 100 | 98.1 | 99.2 | 99.7 | 84.1 | — | |
| EMR-MERGINGBackbone=ViT-L/14, Pre-trained=CLIP2024.05 | 93.7 | 83.2 | 90.7 | 96.8 | 99.7 | 97.9 | 99.1 | 99.7 | 82.7 | — | |
| Traditional MTLBackbone=ViT-L/14, Pre-trained=CLIP2024.05 | 93.5 | 80.8 | 90.6 | 96.3 | 96.3 | 97.6 | 99.1 | 99.6 | 84.4 | — | |
| Iso-CTS w/ DSCBackbone=ViT-L/14, Calibration=DSC2025.12 | 93.3 | 83.3 | 91.3 | 95.9 | 99 | 95.5 | 98.5 | 99.5 | 83.1 | — | |
| θA fine-tune2026.02 | 92.96 | 79.86 | 91.53 | 95.65 | 98.69 | 97.45 | 98.64 | 99.61 | 82.24 | 34.2 | |
| Fine-tuningBackbone=ViT-B/162026.05 | 92.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| θB fine-tuneK (number of calibration shots)=–, Architecture=ViT-B/16, Pre-training Transfer=Datacomp-XL → LAION-2B2026.05 | 92.88 | 79.35 | 92.1 | 96.81 | 94.67 | 97.89 | 99.03 | 99.72 | 83.46 | 30.69 | |
| Iso-C w/ DSCBackbone=ViT-L/14, Calibration=DSC2025.12 | 92.4 | 82.2 | 89.7 | 94.6 | 98.9 | 95.3 | 98 | 99.5 | 81 | — | |
| Iso-CBackbone=ViT-L/142025.12 | 91.4 | 82 | 90.9 | 94.8 | 98.7 | 91.4 | 95.5 | 99.3 | 79.1 | — | |
| EMR-MERGINGBackbone=ViT-B/162024.05 | 91.3 | 78.6 | 82.6 | 95.5 | 99.2 | 97.6 | 98.8 | 99.6 | 78.3 | — | |
| AdaMerging++Backbone=ViT-L/14, Pre-trained=CLIP2024.05 | 91 | 79.4 | 90.3 | 91.6 | 97.4 | 93.4 | 97.5 | 99 | 79.2 | — | |
| Iso-CTSBackbone=ViT-L/142025.12 | 90.9 | 81.3 | 91.1 | 94.7 | 98.6 | 89.4 | 95.3 | 99.2 | 77.9 | — | |
| Fine-tuningBackbone=ViT-B/322026.05 | 90.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| AdaMergingBackbone=ViT-L/14, Pre-trained=CLIP2024.05 | 90.8 | 79 | 90.3 | 90.8 | 96.2 | 93.4 | 98 | 99 | 79.9 | — | |
| TSV-MBackbone=ViT-L/14, rank k=32, alpha=1.02026.05 | 90.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| EpiMerBackbone=ViT-L/14, rank k=32, alpha=1.02026.05 | 90.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| IndividualBackbone=ViT-B/322024.05 | 90.5 | 75.3 | 77.7 | 96.1 | 99.7 | 97.5 | 98.7 | 99.7 | 79.4 | — | |
| IndividualBackbone=ViT-B/322025.12 | 90.5 | 75.3 | 77.7 | 96.1 | 99.7 | 97.5 | 98.7 | 99.7 | 79.4 | — | |
| θB fine-tune2026.02 | 90.39 | 76.76 | 87.65 | 92.59 | 98.96 | 91.08 | 98.63 | 99.63 | 77.81 | 31.63 | |
| Iso-CTS w/ DSCBackbone=ViT-B/16, Calibration=DSC2025.12 | 90 | 79.1 | 84.6 | 94 | 98.1 | 90.1 | 95.8 | 99.1 | 78.9 | — | |
| Iso-C w/ DSCBackbone=ViT-B/16, Calibration=DSC2025.12 | 89.2 | 77.6 | 82.2 | 92.5 | 97.9 | 92.2 | 94.5 | 99.3 | 77.2 | — | |
| Traditional MTLBackbone=ViT-B/322024.05 | 88.9 | 73.9 | 74.4 | 93.9 | 98.2 | 95.8 | 98.9 | 99.5 | 77.9 | — | |
| Traditional MTLBackbone=ViT-B/322025.12 | 88.9 | 73.9 | 74.4 | 93.9 | 98.2 | 95.8 | 98.9 | 99.5 | 77.9 | — | |
| EMR-MERGINGBackbone=ViT-B/322024.05 | 88.7 | 75.2 | 72.8 | 93.5 | 99.5 | 96.9 | 98.1 | 99.6 | 74.4 | — | |
| Iso-CBackbone=ViT-B/162025.12 | 87.5 | 78.1 | 82.3 | 91.9 | 96.9 | 88.3 | 91.9 | 98.8 | 71.9 | — | |
| EpiMerBackbone=ViT-B/16, rank k=32, alpha=1.02026.05 | 87 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Iso-CTSBackbone=ViT-B/162025.12 | 86.9 | 77.9 | 83.2 | 92 | 96.4 | 84.9 | 91.3 | 98.4 | 71.1 | — | |
| TSV-MBackbone=ViT-B/16, rank k=32, alpha=1.02026.05 | 86.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Iso-C w/ FSCBackbone=ViT-B/32, Calibration=FSC2025.12 | 86.3 | 75.6 | 74.2 | 89.8 | 96.8 | 88.9 | 92.4 | 99.2 | 73.6 | — | |
| Iso-CTS w/ FSCBackbone=ViT-B/32, Calibration=FSC2025.12 | 86.2 | 77.2 | 76.2 | 91.2 | 95.8 | 83.9 | 91.6 | 98.9 | 74.4 | — | |
| Ties-MergingBackbone=ViT-L/14, Pre-trained=CLIP2024.05 | 86 | 76.5 | 85 | 89.3 | 95.7 | 90.3 | 83.3 | 99 | 68.8 | — | |
| TIESBackbone=ViT-L/142026.05 | 85.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| AdaMerging++Backbone=ViT-B/162024.05 | 85.7 | 71.8 | 80.8 | 84.1 | 94.3 | 91.9 | 94.5 | 98.7 | 69.8 | — | |
| Iso-CTS w/ DSCBackbone=ViT-B/32, Calibration=DSC2025.12 | 85.6 | 77.6 | 77.3 | 91.6 | 95 | 80 | 89.9 | 98.7 | 74.4 | — | |
| Iso-C w/ DSCBackbone=ViT-B/32, Calibration=DSC2025.12 | 85.3 | 74.9 | 74.2 | 88.7 | 96.4 | 87.8 | 90.9 | 99.1 | 70.8 | — | |
| TSV-M w/ WSCBackbone=ViT-B/32, Calibration=WSC2025.12 | 85.3 | 71.9 | 74.8 | 87.9 | 95.6 | 90.5 | 91.4 | 99.2 | 71 | — | |
| TSV-M w/ DSCBackbone=ViT-B/32, Calibration=DSC2025.12 | 85.1 | 72.1 | 75 | 87.7 | 95.6 | 89.9 | 91.1 | 99.1 | 70.2 | — | |
| AdaMergingBackbone=ViT-B/162024.05 | 84.9 | 70.2 | 80.7 | 81.6 | 94.8 | 91.6 | 95.8 | 98.5 | 66.2 | — | |
| BaselineProtect=-, Attack=-, Backbone=ViT-L/142026.06 | 84.58 | 73.83 | 82.09 | 87.6 | 93.76 | 87.91 | 86.78 | 98.94 | 65.69 | — | |
| Unprotected BaselineBackbone=ViT-L/14, Protect=-, Attack=-2026.06 | 84.58 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Task ArithmeticBackbone=ViT-L/14, Pre-trained=CLIP2024.05 | 84.5 | 74.1 | 82.1 | 86.7 | 93.8 | 87.9 | 86.8 | 98.9 | 65.6 | — | |
| TSV-M w/ FSCBackbone=ViT-B/32, Calibration=FSC2025.12 | 84.3 | 70.2 | 71.8 | 86.2 | 94.7 | 91.3 | 91.8 | 99.3 | 69.4 | — | |
| FinetunedBackbone=ViT-B/32, Fine-tuning=LoRA, Mode=Per-Task Absolute Accuracies (%)2025.12 | 84.1 | 64.5 | 74 | 88.4 | 99 | 96.2 | 92.7 | 99.3 | 58.3 | — | |
| TSV-MBackbone=ViT-B/322025.12 | 84 | 69.1 | 70.8 | 85.5 | 94.2 | 92 | 91.9 | 99.2 | 69.1 | — | |
| RegMeanBackbone=ViT-L/14, Pre-trained=CLIP2024.05 | 83.7 | 73.3 | 81.8 | 86.1 | 97 | 88 | 84.2 | 98.5 | 60.8 | — | |
| Universal SubspaceBackbone=ViT-B/32, Fine-tuning=LoRA, Mode=Normalized Against Finetuned (%)2025.12 | 83.5 | 98.5 | 88.1 | 98.1 | 65.9 | 85.1 | 61.3 | 88.3 | 82.3 | — | |
| EpiMerBackbone=ViT-B/32, rank k=32, alpha=1.02026.05 | 83.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Iso-CBackbone=ViT-B/322025.12 | 83.1 | 74.8 | 74.1 | 87.9 | 92.9 | 83.1 | 86 | 98.2 | 67.9 | — | |
| BiCoK (number of calibration shots)=20, Architecture=ViT-B/16, Pre-training Transfer=Datacomp-XL → LAION-2B2026.05 | 82.99 | 73.38 | 88.37 | 86.52 | 82.03 | 82.73 | 83.11 | 93.6 | 74.2 | 20.8 | |
| MergeLock + AGAProtect=MergeLock, Attack=AGA, Backbone=ViT-L/142026.06 | 82.72 | 73.36 | 82.02 | 85.96 | 93.82 | 83.14 | 80.35 | 98.27 | 64.84 | — | |
| AGABackbone=ViT-L/14, Protect=Params [18], Attack=AGA2026.06 | 82.72 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 76.67 | |
| AGABackbone=ViT-L/14, Protect=MergeLock [36], Attack=AGA2026.06 | 82.72 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 78.45 | |
| Iso-C w/ WSCBackbone=ViT-B/32, Calibration=WSC2025.12 | 82.3 | 75.2 | 74.8 | 88.3 | 92.6 | 78.7 | 83 | 97.6 | 68.2 | — | |
| BiCoK (number of calibration shots)=10, Architecture=ViT-B/16, Pre-training Transfer=Datacomp-XL → LAION-2B2026.05 | 82.27 | 73.29 | 88.14 | 86.47 | 79.92 | 80.87 | 84.22 | 92.36 | 72.87 | 20.08 | |
| Fisher MergingBackbone=ViT-L/14, Pre-trained=CLIP2024.05 | 82.2 | 69.2 | 88.6 | 87.5 | 93.5 | 80.6 | 74.8 | 93.3 | 70 | — | |
| TSV-MBackbone=ViT-B/32, rank k=32, alpha=0.702026.05 | 82.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| AGABackbone=ViT-L/14, Protect=Params-P [18], Attack=AGA2026.06 | 81.99 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 76.23 | |
| Iso-CTSBackbone=ViT-B/322025.12 | 81.3 | 74.4 | 74.4 | 87.2 | 90.4 | 76.8 | 83.3 | 97.4 | 67 | — | |
| AdaMerging++Backbone=ViT-B/322024.05 | 81.1 | 66.6 | 68.3 | 82.2 | 94.2 | 89.6 | 89 | 98.3 | 60.6 | — | |
| Iso-CTS w/ WSCBackbone=ViT-B/32, Calibration=WSC2025.12 | 80.2 | 74.9 | 75 | 87.1 | 89.9 | 71.6 | 80.2 | 96.4 | 66.6 | — | |
| AdaMergingBackbone=ViT-B/322024.05 | 80.1 | 64.5 | 68.1 | 79.2 | 93.8 | 87 | 91.9 | 97.5 | 59.1 | — | |
| AGABackbone=ViT-L/14, Protect=MergeBarrier [22], Attack=AGA2026.06 | 80.05 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 73.05 | |
| BiCoK (number of calibration shots)=5, Architecture=ViT-B/16, Pre-training Transfer=Datacomp-XL → LAION-2B2026.05 | 80 | 73.11 | 87.68 | 85.65 | 78.25 | 72.69 | 81.96 | 92.21 | 68.45 | 17.81 | |
| Weight AveragingBackbone=ViT-L/14, Pre-trained=CLIP2024.05 | 79.6 | 72.1 | 81.6 | 82.6 | 91.9 | 78.2 | 70.7 | 97.1 | 62.8 | — | |
| Base Merged ModelProtect=None, Attack=None, Backbone=ViT-B/32, Merging Strategy=LOT Merging2026.06 | 79.16 | 66.96 | 65.7 | 75.65 | 92.8 | 92.65 | 82.98 | 98.85 | 57.66 | — | |
| AM / TABackbone=ViT-L/14, lambda_t=1/T2026.05 | 79.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TA w/ DSCBackbone=ViT-B/32, Calibration=DSC2025.12 | 78.9 | 66.8 | 67 | 79.7 | 92 | 86.4 | 81.1 | 98.6 | 59.7 | — | |
| TIES w/ DSCBackbone=ViT-B/32, Calibration=DSC2025.12 | 78.1 | 67 | 66.5 | 79.7 | 88.1 | 89 | 76.1 | 98.7 | 59.5 | — | |
| BiCoK (number of calibration shots)=2, Architecture=ViT-B/16, Pre-training Transfer=Datacomp-XL → LAION-2B2026.05 | 77.73 | 72.44 | 87.53 | 78.6 | 73.96 | 71.32 | 79.5 | 91.39 | 67.07 | 15.54 | |
| TIESBackbone=ViT-B/162026.05 | 77.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Ties-MergingBackbone=ViT-B/162024.05 | 77 | 69.1 | 72.5 | 80.5 | 84 | 85 | 71.5 | 98.1 | 54.9 | — | |
| BiCoK (number of calibration shots)=1, Architecture=ViT-B/16, Pre-training Transfer=Datacomp-XL → LAION-2B2026.05 | 75.51 | 72.21 | 87.76 | 71.98 | 68 | 74.94 | 74.47 | 91.48 | 63.24 | 13.32 | |
| Task ArithmeticBackbone=ViT-B/162024.05 | 73.8 | 61.1 | 65.9 | 74 | 76.2 | 88 | 73.9 | 98.4 | 53 | — | |
| Ties-MergingBackbone=ViT-B/322024.05 | 73.6 | 64.8 | 62.9 | 74.3 | 78.9 | 83.1 | 71.4 | 97.6 | 56.2 | — | |
| TIESBackbone=ViT-B/322026.05 | 72.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TIESBackbone=ViT-B/322025.12 | 72.4 | 59.8 | 58.6 | 70.7 | 79.7 | 86.2 | 72.1 | 98.3 | 54.2 | — | |
| FisherBackbone=ViT-L/142026.05 | 72 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| RegMeanBackbone=ViT-B/322024.05 | 71.8 | 65.3 | 63.5 | 75.6 | 78.6 | 78.1 | 67.4 | 93.7 | 52 | — | |
| GradFixK (number of calibration shots)=20, Architecture=ViT-B/16, Pre-training Transfer=Datacomp-XL → LAION-2B2026.05 | 71.3 | 70.83 | 81.82 | 73.54 | 64.56 | 66.6 | 64.56 | 88.62 | 59.84 | 9.11 | |
| GradFixK (number of calibration shots)=10, Architecture=ViT-B/16, Pre-training Transfer=Datacomp-XL → LAION-2B2026.05 | 71.29 | 70.98 | 81.45 | 73.07 | 64.33 | 66.52 | 65.32 | 89.1 | 59.57 | 9.1 | |
| THESEUSK (number of calibration shots)=20, Architecture=ViT-B/16, Pre-training Transfer=Datacomp-XL → LAION-2B2026.05 | 71.06 | 70.77 | 87.27 | 72.5 | 56.48 | 68.34 | 64.72 | 89.18 | 59.2 | 8.87 | |
| AM / TABackbone=ViT-B/16, lambda_t=1/T2026.05 | 71 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| THESEUSK (number of calibration shots)=10, Architecture=ViT-B/16, Pre-training Transfer=Datacomp-XL → LAION-2B2026.05 | 70.65 | 70.82 | 87.29 | 72.57 | 60.51 | 63.68 | 64.55 | 87.56 | 58.24 | 8.46 | |
| Task ArithmeticBackbone=ViT-B/322024.05 | 70.1 | 63.8 | 62.1 | 72 | 77.6 | 74.4 | 65.1 | 94 | 52.2 | — | |
| TABackbone=ViT-B/322025.12 | 69.1 | 55.2 | 54.9 | 66.7 | 78.9 | 80.2 | 69.7 | 97.3 | 50.4 | — | |
| THESEUSAlignment batches (B)=202026.02 | 69.08 | 70.65 | 85.04 | 69.27 | 67.01 | 62.52 | 61.01 | 76.66 | 60.48 | 10.32 | |
| THESEUSAlignment batches (B)=102026.02 | 68.35 | 70.42 | 84.93 | 68.73 | 65.91 | 61.59 | 61.23 | 74.46 | 59.52 | 9.59 | |
| Fisher MergingBackbone=ViT-B/322024.05 | 68.3 | 68.6 | 69.2 | 70.7 | 66.4 | 72.9 | 51.1 | 87.9 | 59.9 | — | |
| KnOTS-TIESBackbone=ViT-B/32, Fine-tuning=LoRA, Mode=Normalized Against Finetuned (%)2025.12 | 68 | 53.8 | 82.7 | 95.5 | 49.3 | 68 | 48.9 | 70.9 | 73.7 | — | |
| THESEUSAlignment batches (B)=52026.02 | 66.64 | 70.35 | 84.85 | 68.4 | 63.59 | 59.61 | 60.46 | 67.01 | 58.83 | 7.88 | |
| THESEUSAlignment batches (B)=22026.02 | 66.6 | 70.12 | 84.89 | 68.12 | 64.03 | 59.3 | 59.55 | 68.97 | 57.86 | 7.84 | |
| Weight AveragingBackbone=ViT-B/322024.05 | 65.8 | 65.3 | 63.4 | 71.4 | 71.7 | 64.2 | 52.8 | 87.5 | 50.1 | — | |
| Weight AveragingBackbone=ViT-B/322025.12 | 65.8 | 65.3 | 63.4 | 71.4 | 71.7 | 64.2 | 52.8 | 87.5 | 50.1 | — | |
| AM / TABackbone=ViT-B/32, lambda_t=1/T2026.05 | 65.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Linear-ProbingBackbone=ViT-L/142026.05 | 64.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| THESEUSAlignment batches (B)=12026.02 | 64.59 | 69.6 | 84.62 | 66.98 | 60.41 | 56.8 | 56.62 | 64.49 | 57.23 | 5.83 | |
| KnOTS-DARE-TIESBackbone=ViT-B/32, Fine-tuning=LoRA, Mode=Normalized Against Finetuned (%)2025.12 | 63.9 | 97.9 | 81.8 | 70.2 | 50.7 | 41 | 40.3 | 53.2 | 75.9 | — | |
| TransFusionK (number of calibration shots)=–, Architecture=ViT-B/16, Pre-training Transfer=Datacomp-XL → LAION-2B2026.05 | 63.74 | 70.51 | 88.6 | 68.27 | 50.3 | 52.57 | 49.48 | 73.51 | 56.65 | 1.55 | |
| Task ArithmeticBackbone=ViT-B/32, Fine-tuning=LoRA, Mode=Normalized Against Finetuned (%)2025.12 | 63.7 | 97.5 | 82 | 71.5 | 48.8 | 41.2 | 42.1 | 53.1 | 73.6 | — |