Image Classification on PACS (Domain Performance Reporting)
97.99Overall Average AccuracyMOON
Evaluation results
| Method | Links | ||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MOONBackbone=CLIP+MLP2025.03 | 97.99 | — | 99.43 | 99.6 | 93.89 | 99.02 | — | 2.37 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedProtoBackbone=CLIP+MLP2025.03 | 97.71 | — | 99.01 | 99.4 | 94.23 | 98.21 | — | 2.06 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedAvgBackbone=CLIP+MLP2025.03 | 97.6 | — | 99.01 | 99.4 | 93.64 | 98.37 | — | 2.32 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedOPTBackbone=CLIP+MLP2025.03 | 97.6 | — | 99.01 | 99.4 | 93.64 | 98.37 | — | 2.32 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedDynBackbone=CLIP+MLP2025.03 | 97.58 | — | 99.01 | 99.4 | 93.55 | 98.37 | — | 2.36 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| WATT-SVisual Encoder=ViT-L/142024.06 | 97.51 | 98.68 | 97.9 | 99.64 | 93.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| WATT-SVisual Encoder=ViT-L/142024.06 | 97.51 | 98.68 | 97.9 | 99.64 | 93.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TENTVisual Encoder=ViT-L/142024.06 | 97.41 | 98.83 | 97.74 | 99.54 | 93.51 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TENTVisual Encoder=ViT-L/142024.06 | 97.41 | 98.83 | 97.74 | 99.54 | 93.51 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedNTDBackbone=CLIP+MLP2025.03 | 97.38 | — | 99.29 | 99.4 | 92.28 | 98.54 | — | 2.96 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CLIPARTTVisual Encoder=ViT-L/142024.06 | 97.33 | 98.76 | 97.74 | 99.54 | 93.26 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CLIPARTTVisual Encoder=ViT-L/142024.06 | 97.33 | 98.76 | 97.74 | 99.54 | 93.26 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CLIPVisual Encoder=ViT-L/142024.06 | 97.31 | 98.68 | 97.74 | 99.54 | 93.28 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CLIPVisual Encoder=ViT-L/142024.06 | 97.31 | 98.68 | 97.74 | 99.54 | 93.28 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| WATT-SVisual Encoder=ViT-B/162024.06 | 96.08 | 97.66 | 97.51 | 99.58 | 89.56 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| WATT-PVisual Encoder=ViT-B/162024.06 | 96.07 | 97.49 | 97.47 | 99.58 | 89.73 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TPTVisual Encoder=ViT-L/142024.06 | 95.66 | 94.82 | 95.65 | 99.44 | 92.72 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TPTVisual Encoder=ViT-L/142024.06 | 95.66 | 94.82 | 95.65 | 99.44 | 92.72 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CLIPARTTVisual Encoder=ViT-B/162024.06 | 95.35 | 97.64 | 97.37 | 99.58 | 86.79 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TENTVisual Encoder=ViT-B/162024.06 | 95.22 | 97.54 | 97.37 | 99.58 | 86.37 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CLIPVisual Encoder=ViT-B/162024.06 | 95.12 | 97.44 | 97.38 | 99.58 | 86.06 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| MPFT + VPDRFramework=MPFT, +LDP=VPDR2026.04 | 94.91 | 97.7 | 95.65 | 99.4 | 86.88 | — | — | 5.04 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedTGP + VPDRFramework=FedTGP, +LDP=VPDR2026.04 | 94.79 | 97.32 | 94.83 | 100 | 87.01 | — | — | 5.64 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CoDoLBackbone=ViT-B/16, Pre-trained=CLIP2025.09 | 93.66 | 98.76 | 99.76 | 99.98 | 96.56 | 98.77 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| MPFT + IGPPFramework=MPFT, +LDP=IGPP2026.04 | 93.41 | 96.33 | 93.16 | 99.63 | 84.5 | — | — | 5.89 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FPL + VPDRFramework=FPL, +LDP=VPDR2026.04 | 93.18 | 96.78 | 93.15 | 98.86 | 83.93 | — | — | 5.86 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TPTVisual Encoder=ViT-B/162024.06 | 93.08 | 95.1 | 91.42 | 98.56 | 87.23 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CoDoL w/ CMNBackbone=ViT-B/16, Pre-trained=CLIP2025.09 | 92.98 | 98.01 | 99.12 | 98.97 | 96.21 | 98.08 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedTGP + IGPPFramework=FedTGP, +LDP=IGPP2026.04 | 92.95 | 96.62 | 92.09 | 98.8 | 84.29 | — | — | 5.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedProto + VPDRFramework=FedProto, +LDP=VPDR2026.04 | 92.71 | 95.6 | 91.88 | 98.8 | 84.59 | — | — | 6.11 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DGFambaBackbone=VMamba-T2026.04 | 92.6 | 92.6 | 89.4 | 99.7 | 88.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| StyLIPBackbone=ViT-B/16, Pre-trained=CLIP2025.09 | 92.5 | 98.62 | 99.02 | 99.96 | 94.58 | 98.05 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CrossFlowDGBackbone=VMamba-T2026.04 | 92.1 | 93.3 | 89 | 99.4 | 86.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CoDoL w/o DMNBackbone=ViT-B/16, Pre-trained=CLIP2025.09 | 91.65 | 97.45 | 98.56 | 98.9 | 93.41 | 97.08 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TPTBackbone=ViT-B/16, Pre-trained=CLIP2025.09 | 91.46 | 96.59 | 98.35 | 99.46 | 93.5 | 96.99 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FPL + IGPPFramework=FPL, +LDP=IGPP2026.04 | 91.37 | 94.13 | 91.16 | 98.1 | 82.08 | — | — | 6.28 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| T-SVDNet2021.07 | 91.25 | 90.43 | 90.61 | 98.5 | 85.49 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DGMambaBackbone=VMamba-T2026.04 | 91.2 | 91.3 | 87 | 99 | 87.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedProto + IGPPFramework=FedProto, +LDP=IGPP2026.04 | 90.58 | 92.71 | 91.52 | 97.7 | 80.37 | — | — | 7.31 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DPLBackbone=ViT-B/16, Pre-trained=CLIP2025.09 | 90.53 | 96.71 | 98.5 | 99.46 | 93.59 | 97.07 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CoDoLBackbone=RN50, Pre-trained=CLIP2025.09 | 90.51 | 95.31 | 96.08 | 99.5 | 87.16 | 94.51 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CLIP-Adapt.Backbone=ViT-B/16, Pre-trained=CLIP2025.09 | 90.37 | 97.36 | 98.77 | 99.88 | 89.63 | 96.41 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CoCoOpBackbone=ViT-B/16, Pre-trained=CLIP2025.09 | 90.16 | 97.1 | 97.98 | 99.83 | 92 | 96.73 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ProGradBackbone=ViT-B/16, Pre-trained=CLIP2025.09 | 90.16 | 96.8 | 98.96 | 99.59 | 90.64 | 96.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CoOpBackbone=ViT-B/16, Pre-trained=CLIP2025.09 | 90 | 97.6 | 98.58 | 99.94 | 91.89 | 97 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Lin. ProbingBackbone=ViT-B/16, Pre-trained=CLIP, Evaluation Protocol=Linear Probing2025.09 | 89.59 | 97.6 | 98.95 | 99.88 | 89.73 | 96.54 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CoDoL w/ CMNBackbone=RN50, Pre-trained=CLIP2025.09 | 89.48 | 93.65 | 95.78 | 99.01 | 86.23 | 93.67 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| StyLIPBackbone=RN50, Pre-trained=CLIP2025.09 | 89.21 | 93.71 | 94.2 | 99.48 | 86.98 | 93.59 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedPLVM + VPDRFramework=FedPLVM, +LDP=VPDR2026.04 | 89.05 | 93.71 | 86.04 | 98.8 | 77.63 | — | — | 8.38 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TTDG-MGMBackbone=ResNet-502025.03 | 88.84 | 85.08 | 83.93 | 98.61 | 87.76 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| iDAGBackbone=ResNet-502026.04 | 88.8 | 90.8 | 83.7 | 98 | 82.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| PCLBackbone=ResNet-502026.04 | 88.7 | 90.2 | 83.9 | 98.1 | 82.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DomainAdaptorBackbone=ResNet-502025.03 | 88.45 | 86.15 | 82.02 | 98.4 | 84.38 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CLIPBackbone=ViT-B/16, Pre-trained=CLIP2025.09 | 88.19 | 96.92 | 98.81 | 99.79 | 87.71 | 95.81 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| VPTTABackbone=ResNet-502025.03 | 88.12 | 86.5 | 83.77 | 97.09 | 85.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SWADBackbone=ResNet-502026.04 | 88.1 | 89.3 | 83.4 | 97.3 | 82.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Prompt-Driven Dynamic Object-Centric LearningBackbone=ResNet-18, Setting=Multiple Domain Generalization2024.02 | 88.07 | 86.94 | 82.5 | 97.3 | 85.55 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CoDoL w/o DMNBackbone=RN50, Pre-trained=CLIP2025.09 | 88 | 91.21 | 93.42 | 98.45 | 85.32 | 92.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ITTABackbone=ResNet-502025.03 | 87.82 | 85.63 | 84.3 | 97.27 | 84.09 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TPTBackbone=RN50, Pre-trained=CLIP2025.09 | 87.28 | 92.7 | 93.3 | 99.07 | 83.55 | 92.16 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CLIP-Adapt.Backbone=RN50, Pre-trained=CLIP2025.09 | 87.22 | 92.57 | 92.03 | 99.31 | 84.41 | 92.08 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ProGradBackbone=RN50, Pre-trained=CLIP2025.09 | 87.12 | 92.4 | 92.65 | 99.31 | 83.7 | 92.01 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedPLVM + IGPPFramework=FedPLVM, +LDP=IGPP2026.04 | 87.09 | 92.15 | 84.11 | 97.9 | 74.2 | — | — | 9.34 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CoOpBackbone=RN50, Pre-trained=CLIP2025.09 | 87.08 | 91.86 | 92.85 | 99.25 | 85.17 | 92.28 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DPLBackbone=RN50, Pre-trained=CLIP2025.09 | 87.04 | 92.95 | 93.44 | 99.13 | 82.31 | 91.96 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Meta-CasualBackbone=ResNet-18, Setting=Multiple Domain Generalization2024.02 | 87 | 85.3 | 80.93 | 96.53 | 85.24 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CoCoOpBackbone=RN50, Pre-trained=CLIP2025.09 | 86.97 | 90.89 | 92.5 | 98.21 | 84.96 | 91.64 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedPCL + VPDRFramework=FedPCL, +LDP=VPDR2026.04 | 86.91 | 91.93 | 87.18 | 98.5 | 68.03 | — | — | 11.84 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| EFDMixBackbone=ResNet-50, Evaluation protocol=Leave-one-domain-out, Labeling=w/ domain label2022.03 | 86.9 | 90.6 | 82.5 | 98.1 | 76.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| GMoEBackbone=DeiT-S2026.04 | 86.7 | 89.4 | 83.9 | 99.1 | 74.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SAGMBackbone=ResNet-502026.04 | 86.6 | 87.4 | 80.2 | 98 | 80.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| UniStyleBackbone=ResNet-18, Evaluation Protocol=Leave-one-domain-out2022.11 | 86.4 | 85.6 | 84.2 | 96.5 | 79.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CIRLBackbone=ResNet-18, Setting=Multiple Domain Generalization2024.02 | 86.32 | 86.08 | 80.59 | 95.93 | 82.67 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SagNetBackbone=ResNet-502026.04 | 86.3 | 87.4 | 80.7 | 97.1 | 80 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SDViTBackbone=DeiT-S2026.04 | 86.3 | 87.6 | 82.4 | 98 | 77.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| MixStyleBackbone=ResNet-50, Evaluation protocol=Leave-one-domain-out, Labeling=w/ domain label2022.03 | 86.2 | 90.3 | 82.3 | 97.7 | 74.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| MDDA2021.07 | 86.11 | 86.73 | 86.24 | 93.89 | 77.56 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ERMBackbone=ResNet-502025.03 | 85.83 | 84.07 | 80.21 | 97.06 | 81.99 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| NC-TTTBackbone=ResNet-502025.03 | 85.79 | 83.81 | 80.44 | 96.53 | 82.36 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| GMDGBackbone=ResNet-502026.04 | 85.6 | 84.7 | 81.7 | 97.5 | 80.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Lin. ProbingBackbone=RN50, Pre-trained=CLIP, Evaluation Protocol=Linear Probing2025.09 | 85.57 | 91.29 | 90.92 | 99.02 | 85.37 | 91.65 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SCAFFOLDBackbone=CLIP+MLP2025.03 | 85.5 | — | 80.68 | 92.42 | 87.28 | 81.63 | — | 4.72 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| StyleNeophileBackbone=ResNet-18, Evaluation Protocol=Leave-one-domain-out2022.11 | 85.4 | 84.4 | 79.2 | 94.9 | 83.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TENTBackbone=ResNet-502025.03 | 85.4 | 82.34 | 78.63 | 97.93 | 82.72 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| RSCBackbone=ResNet-502026.04 | 85.2 | 85.4 | 79.7 | 97.6 | 78.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| MixstyleBackbone=ResNet-502026.04 | 85.2 | 86.8 | 79 | 96.6 | 78.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| RSCBackbone=ResNet-18, Setting=Multiple Domain Generalization2024.02 | 85.15 | 83.43 | 80.31 | 95.99 | 80.85 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DSONBackbone=ResNet-18, Evaluation Protocol=Leave-one-domain-out2022.11 | 85.1 | 84.6 | 77.6 | 95.8 | 82.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| RSCBackbone=ResNet-18, Evaluation Protocol=Leave-one-domain-out2022.11 | 85.1 | 83.4 | 80.3 | 95.9 | 80.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ARMBackbone=ResNet-502026.04 | 85.1 | 86.8 | 76.8 | 97.4 | 79.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| VReXBackbone=ResNet-502026.04 | 84.9 | 86 | 79.1 | 96.9 | 77.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| M3SDA2021.07 | 84.74 | 84.2 | 85.68 | 94.47 | 74.62 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DCTN2021.07 | 84.71 | 84.67 | 86.72 | 95.6 | 71.84 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| MTLBackbone=ResNet-502026.04 | 84.6 | 87.5 | 77.1 | 96.4 | 77.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| MatchDGBackbone=ResNet-18, Setting=Multiple Domain Generalization2024.02 | 84.57 | 81.32 | 80.7 | 96.53 | 79.72 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FACTBackbone=ResNet-18, Setting=Multiple Domain Generalization2024.02 | 84.51 | 85.37 | 78.38 | 95.15 | 79.15 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FACTBackbone=ResNet-18, Evaluation Protocol=Leave-one-domain-out2022.11 | 84.5 | 85.3 | 78.3 | 95.1 | 79.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| GroupDROBackbone=ResNet-502026.04 | 84.4 | 83.5 | 79.1 | 96.7 | 78.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| L2DBackbone=ResNet-18, Setting=Multiple Domain Generalization2024.02 | 84.27 | 81.44 | 79.56 | 95.51 | 80.58 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| L2DBackbone=ResNet-18, Evaluation Protocol=Leave-one-domain-out2022.11 | 84.2 | 81.4 | 79.5 | 95.5 | 80.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |