Image Classification on Office-Home (test)
89.33Mean AccuracyRAC
Evaluation results
| Method | Links | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| RACModel=ViT-Base [9], Adapter rank=162026.06 | 89.33 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| cLAModel=ViT-Base [9], Adapter rank=162026.06 | 89.21 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| c3LAModel=ViT-Base [9], Adapter rank=162026.06 | 89.18 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| r-c3LAModel=ViT-Base [9], Adapter rank=162026.06 | 89.17 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SDFedBackbone=ViT-B162026.02 | 89.04 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 88.64 | 78.48 | 95.82 | 93.23 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CoLAModel=ViT-Base [9], Adapter rank=162026.06 | 89.01 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| AsymModel=ViT-Base [9], Adapter rank=162026.06 | 89 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| LoRAModel=ViT-Base [9], Adapter rank=162026.06 | 88.96 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| r-cLAModel=ViT-Base [9], Adapter rank=162026.06 | 88.83 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| UOPPBackbone=ViT-B162026.02 | 88.19 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 87.45 | 77.16 | 95.24 | 92.91 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| LoRA+Model=ViT-Base [9], Adapter rank=162026.06 | 87.87 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedOTPBackbone=ViT-B162026.02 | 87.61 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 87.69 | 74.54 | 95.81 | 92.39 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| PowderBackbone=ViT-B162026.02 | 87.43 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 87.86 | 74.25 | 95.27 | 92.35 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FFTModel=ViT-Base [9]2026.06 | 86.42 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedSCAlInitial Sever Model pre-trained on=Clipart, Backbone=ViT small, Pre-training=ImageNet2025.12 | 86.01 | — | — | — | 81.13 | 88.19 | 88.69 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| GPT-FLBackbone=ViT-B162026.02 | 85.77 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 82.27 | 76.32 | 94.75 | 89.75 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DIFO++ViL=true2026.04 | 84.5 | 73.2 | 91.4 | 89.7 | 83.6 | 91 | 89.8 | 80.8 | 73.8 | 90 | 84.3 | 74.2 | 92.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CoOpBackbone=ViT-B162026.02 | 84.38 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 85.32 | 69.26 | 92.37 | 90.57 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedMOONInitial Sever Model pre-trained on=Clipart, Backbone=ViT small, Pre-training=ImageNet2025.12 | 84.15 | — | — | — | 79.42 | 85.67 | 87.34 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SDFedBackbone=ResNet502026.02 | 84.07 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 83.12 | 73.56 | 91.45 | 88.14 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedProxInitial Sever Model pre-trained on=Clipart, Backbone=ViT small, Pre-training=ImageNet2025.12 | 83.67 | — | — | — | 79.81 | 85.1 | 86.12 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| PERADAPersonalized Params=Adapter2023.02 | 83.58 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedWCAInitial Sever Model pre-trained on=Clipart, Backbone=ViT small, Pre-training=ImageNet2025.12 | 83.46 | — | — | — | 78.88 | 84.83 | 86.68 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedLoAInitial Sever Model pre-trained on=Clipart, Backbone=ViT small, Pre-training=ImageNet2025.12 | 83.18 | — | — | — | 78.97 | 84.33 | 86.24 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DIFOViL=true2026.04 | 83.1 | 70.6 | 90.6 | 88.8 | 82.5 | 90.6 | 88.8 | 80.9 | 70.1 | 88.9 | 83.4 | 70.5 | 91.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| UOPPBackbone=ResNet502026.02 | 82.64 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 81.56 | 71.34 | 90.52 | 87.12 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedCGS + SLOT-Alignalpha=0.05, Backbone=ViT-B/32, Alignment strength (tau)=0.42026.06 | 82.23 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 77.64 | 74.43 | 90.99 | 85.86 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 6.56 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedOTPBackbone=ResNet502026.02 | 81.68 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 81.35 | 68.51 | 90.12 | 86.72 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| STANDALONEPersonalized Params=Full model2023.02 | 81.64 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| PowderBackbone=ResNet502026.02 | 81.43 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 81.42 | 68.12 | 89.65 | 86.54 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedCGSalpha=0.05, Backbone=ViT-B/322026.06 | 80.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 76.82 | 70 | 88.96 | 86.62 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 7.63 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| LoRAModel=ViT-Base, Rank (r)=16, Target Modules=Query, Value, Classification Head, Number of seeds=32026.06 | 80.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CoLAModel=ViT-Base, Rank (r)=16, Target Modules=Query, Value, Classification Head, Number of seeds=32026.06 | 80.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| RACModel=ViT-Base, Rank (r)=16, Target Modules=Query, Value, Classification Head, Number of seeds=32026.06 | 80.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.998 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| AsymBackbone=ViT-Base2026.06 | 80.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| RACBackbone=ViT-Base2026.06 | 80.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| UCon-SFDAViL=false2026.04 | 80.3 | 65.6 | 87.8 | 91 | 78.6 | 79.3 | 87.6 | 80.2 | 65.9 | 87.3 | 83.2 | 69.1 | 88.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| D-PaCAModel=ViT-Base, Rank (r)=16, Target Modules=Query, Value, Classification Head, Number of seeds=32026.06 | 80.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.997 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| r-cLABackbone=ViT-Base2026.06 | 80.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| AsymModel=ViT-Base, Rank (r)=16, Target Modules=Query, Value, Classification Head, Number of seeds=32026.06 | 80.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.995 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| LoRAModel=ViT-Tiny [9], Adapter rank=162026.06 | 80.13 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| PaCAModel=ViT-Base, Rank (r)=16, Target Modules=Query, Value, Classification Head, Number of seeds=32026.06 | 80.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.994 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedPFT + SLOT-Alignalpha=0.05, Backbone=ViT-B/32, Alignment strength (tau)=0.42026.06 | 80.08 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 75.53 | 71.8 | 87.49 | 85.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 6.59 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ViLAaD-VViL=true2026.04 | 80 | 66.6 | 86.8 | 87.5 | 77.2 | 88.1 | 87.1 | 77.1 | 65.9 | 88.5 | 78.7 | 68 | 89.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| C-PaCAModel=ViT-Base, Rank (r)=16, Target Modules=Query, Value, Classification Head, Number of seeds=32026.06 | 80 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.994 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| D-PaCABackbone=ViT-Base2026.06 | 80 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| C-PaCABackbone=ViT-Base2026.06 | 80 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| cLAModel=ViT-Base, Rank (r)=16, Target Modules=Query, Value, Classification Head, Number of seeds=32026.06 | 79.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.992 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| c3LAModel=ViT-Base, Rank (r)=16, Target Modules=Query, Value, Classification Head, Number of seeds=32026.06 | 79.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.992 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| cLABackbone=ViT-Base2026.06 | 79.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| c3LABackbone=ViT-Base2026.06 | 79.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| r-c3LABackbone=ViT-Base2026.06 | 79.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| r-cLAModel=ViT-Base, Rank (r)=16, Target Modules=Query, Value, Classification Head, Number of seeds=32026.06 | 79.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.991 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| r-c3LAModel=ViT-Base, Rank (r)=16, Target Modules=Query, Value, Classification Head, Number of seeds=32026.06 | 79.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.991 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TPDS-ViLViL=true2026.04 | 79.7 | 67.7 | 82.7 | 86.1 | 76.5 | 88 | 86.3 | 73.6 | 69.4 | 87.1 | 79.3 | 70.5 | 89.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Co-learn-VViL=true2026.04 | 79.7 | 71.6 | 87.7 | 88 | 72.3 | 83.5 | 86.4 | 73.7 | 67 | 87.7 | 77.1 | 70.9 | 90.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| PaCABackbone=ViT-Base2026.06 | 79.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FFTModel=ViT-Tiny [9]2026.06 | 79.68 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| GPT-FLBackbone=ResNet502026.02 | 79.56 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 76.12 | 70.21 | 88.34 | 83.56 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CoLAModel=ViT-Tiny [9], Adapter rank=162026.06 | 79.54 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SHOT-ViLViL=true2026.04 | 79.5 | 64.7 | 84 | 86.4 | 79.4 | 87.3 | 85.4 | 78.1 | 65.8 | 87.6 | 81.6 | 65 | 88.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| NRC-ViLViL=true2026.04 | 79.5 | 55 | 83.4 | 86.7 | 78.3 | 86.5 | 85.1 | 77.1 | 69.9 | 87.2 | 90.9 | 65.5 | 88.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| AaD-ViLViL=true2026.04 | 79.5 | 69.4 | 83 | 84.9 | 76.4 | 85.2 | 84.6 | 73.3 | 71.1 | 86.3 | 79 | 72.1 | 88.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| LoAInitial Sever Model pre-trained on=Clipart, Backbone=ViT small, Pre-training=ImageNet2025.12 | 79.45 | — | — | — | 73.86 | 80.45 | 84.03 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| r-c3LAModel=ViT-Tiny [9], Adapter rank=162026.06 | 79.32 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| LoRABackbone=ViT-Base2026.06 | 79.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CoLABackbone=ViT-Base2026.06 | 79.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| c3LAModel=ViT-Tiny [9], Adapter rank=162026.06 | 78.69 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| RACModel=ViT-Tiny [9], Adapter rank=162026.06 | 78.55 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| AsymModel=ViT-Tiny [9], Adapter rank=162026.06 | 78.02 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| cLAModel=ViT-Tiny [9], Adapter rank=162026.06 | 78.01 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| r-cLAModel=ViT-Tiny [9], Adapter rank=162026.06 | 78.01 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Target-supervisedBackbone=VGG16, Setting=Upper-bound supervised2020.12 | 78 | 75.8 | 88.3 | 81.6 | 66.4 | 88.3 | 81.6 | 66.4 | 75.8 | 81.6 | 66.4 | 75.8 | 88.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CoOpBackbone=ResNet502026.02 | 77.88 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 78.64 | 62.15 | 86.42 | 84.31 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| LoRA+Model=ViT-Tiny [9], Adapter rank=162026.06 | 77.87 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Dual AdaptInitial Sever Model pre-trained on=Clipart, Backbone=ViT small, Pre-training=ImageNet2025.12 | 76.88 | — | — | — | 70.58 | 78.06 | 81.99 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedSCAlInitial Server Pre-training Domain=Real-World2025.12 | 76.59 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 79.68 | 60.96 | 89.12 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TPDS+MemFlowBackbone=ResNet-50, Protocol=SFUDA2024.02 | 73.9 | 60.1 | 80.5 | 82.8 | 70.2 | 80.3 | 81.1 | 69.5 | 56.7 | 82.8 | 75 | 61.4 | 85.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 21.692 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| PFC+MemFlowBackbone=ResNet-50, Protocol=SFUDA2024.02 | 73.7 | 60.9 | 79.9 | 82.1 | 68.8 | 80.1 | 80.3 | 67.9 | 59.4 | 83.3 | 73.4 | 61.8 | 85.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 16.609 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SiLANViL=false2026.04 | 73.6 | 58.2 | 81.2 | 82.5 | 69.8 | 78.6 | 80.3 | 68.4 | 58.6 | 82.5 | 75.6 | 60.8 | 86.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedMOONInitial Server Pre-training Domain=Real-World2025.12 | 73.57 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 78.86 | 55.26 | 86.59 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TPDSViL=false2026.04 | 73.5 | 59.3 | 80.3 | 82.1 | 70.6 | 79.4 | 80.9 | 69.8 | 56.8 | 82.1 | 74.5 | 61.2 | 85.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TPDSBackbone=ResNet-50, Protocol=SFUDA, Note=Reproduced results2024.02 | 73.5 | 60.1 | 80 | 82.8 | 70.2 | 78.9 | 80.2 | 69.1 | 56.6 | 82.8 | 74.8 | 61 | 85.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 20.037 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedProxInitial Server Pre-training Domain=Real-World2025.12 | 73.38 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 77.12 | 57.06 | 85.92 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedPFTalpha=0.05, Backbone=ViT-B/322026.06 | 73.38 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 70.07 | 58.76 | 80.24 | 84.45 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 9.93 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| PFCBackbone=ResNet-50, Protocol=SFUDA, Note=Reproduced results2024.02 | 73.2 | 60.4 | 79.8 | 82 | 68.6 | 79.2 | 80.2 | 67.8 | 58.8 | 83.1 | 71 | 61.5 | 85.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 16.57 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedLoAInitial Server Pre-training Domain=Real-World2025.12 | 73.08 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 77.55 | 55.01 | 86.68 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SCLMViL=false2026.04 | 73 | 58.2 | 80.3 | 81.5 | 69.3 | 79 | 80.7 | 69 | 56.8 | 82.7 | 74.7 | 60.6 | 85 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SFDA-DEsource-free=true, Backbone=ResNet-502022.04 | 72.9 | 59.7 | 79.5 | 82.4 | 69.7 | 78.6 | 79.2 | 66.1 | 57.2 | 82.6 | 73.9 | 60.8 | 85.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| MDAIRBackbone=Inception-ResNet-v22019.04 | 72.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 10 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| A2Netsource-free=true, Backbone=ResNet-502022.04 | 72.8 | 58.4 | 79 | 82.4 | 67.5 | 79.3 | 78.9 | 68 | 56.2 | 82.9 | 74.1 | 60.5 | 85 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| AaD+MemFlowBackbone=ResNet-50, Protocol=SFUDA2024.02 | 72.8 | 57.7 | 78.6 | 82.4 | 68.7 | 80.2 | 80 | 67.2 | 57.8 | 82.9 | 72.8 | 59.7 | 85.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 5.84 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FixBisource-free=false, Backbone=ResNet-502022.04 | 72.7 | 58.1 | 77.3 | 80.4 | 67.7 | 79.5 | 78.1 | 65.8 | 57.9 | 81.7 | 76.4 | 62.9 | 86.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| AaDViL=false2026.04 | 72.7 | 59.3 | 79.3 | 82.1 | 68.9 | 79.8 | 79.5 | 67.2 | 57.4 | 83.1 | 72.1 | 58.5 | 85.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ELRViL=false2026.04 | 72.6 | 58.4 | 78.7 | 81.5 | 69.2 | 79.5 | 79.3 | 66.3 | 58 | 82.6 | 73.4 | 59.8 | 85.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CoWAViL=false2026.04 | 72.5 | 56.9 | 78.4 | 81 | 69.1 | 80 | 79.9 | 67.7 | 57.2 | 82.4 | 72.8 | 60.5 | 84.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SF(DA)2ViL=false2026.04 | 72.5 | 57.3 | 79.1 | 81.6 | 68.4 | 78.2 | 78.7 | 69.5 | 56.5 | 81.9 | 74 | 59.9 | 85.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FedWCAInitial Server Pre-training Domain=Real-World2025.12 | 72.32 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 76.59 | 54.25 | 86.12 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SHOT+MemFlowBackbone=ResNet-50, Protocol=SFUDA2024.02 | 72.3 | 57.4 | 79.2 | 81.8 | 68.3 | 78.9 | 78.8 | 68.2 | 55.9 | 81.8 | 74.1 | 59.2 | 84.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 6.071 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| NRCViL=false2026.04 | 72.2 | 57.7 | 80.3 | 82 | 68.1 | 79.8 | 78.6 | 65.3 | 56.4 | 83 | 71 | 58.6 | 85.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |