Image Classification on MNIST (test) (Standard Performance)
99.6AccuracyWhole Dataset
Evaluation results
| Method | Links | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Whole Dataset2022.10 | 99.6 | — | — | — | |
| LeNetModel Architecture=LeNet-5, Synaptic Ops (M)=0.492026.03 | 99.59 | — | — | — | |
| Dynamic LeNetModel Architecture=LeNet-5, Synaptic Ops (M)=0.422026.03 | 99.54 | — | — | — | |
| CNN-8 (UHN)Model=CNN-8, #Params=158,613, Training Protocol=UHN2026.04 | 99.44 | — | — | — | |
| CNNPre-trained=ImageNet, Runs=52026.03 | 99.4 | — | — | — | |
| KMEx (K/C=5)Pre-trained=ImageNet, Runs=52026.03 | 99.4 | — | — | — | |
| ProtoPNetPre-trained=ImageNet, Runs=52026.03 | 99.4 | — | — | — | |
| B4Backbone=ResNet34, Pre-trained=ImageNet, Runs=52026.03 | 99.4 | — | — | — | |
| CNN-8 (Direct)Model=CNN-8, #Params=74,762, Training Protocol=Direct2026.04 | 99.38 | — | — | — | |
| LogicTreeNet-L# Gates=1.27 M, FPGA t.=-2024.11 | 99.35 | — | — | — | |
| LogicTreeNet-M# Gates=566 K, FPGA t.=5 ns2024.11 | 99.23 | — | — | — | |
| E-GEMepsilon=0.01, ms/step=5.55, Samp/s=5,567, Epochs=10, Seeds=32026.04 | 99.23 | — | 0.02 | 1.76 | |
| DSAIPC=50, Ratio %=0.832022.10 | 99.2 | — | — | — | |
| LowBitNN# Gates=-, FPGA t.=152 μs2024.11 | 99.2 | — | — | — | |
| SE-GEMepsilon=1e-06, ms/step=5.52, Samp/s=5,577, Epochs=10, Seeds=32026.04 | 99.19 | — | 0.03 | 1.72 | |
| E-GEMepsilon=0.0001, ms/step=5.54, Samp/s=5,575, Epochs=10, Seeds=32026.04 | 99.19 | — | 0.08 | 1.79 | |
| SE-GEMepsilon=0.01, ms/step=5.52, Samp/s=5,585, Epochs=10, Seeds=32026.04 | 99.19 | — | 0.05 | 1.99 | |
| SE-GEMepsilon=10, ms/step=5.53, Samp/s=5,584, Epochs=10, Seeds=32026.04 | 99.02 | — | 0.07 | 1.04 | |
| CAFE+DSAIPC=50, Ratio %=0.832022.10 | 98.9 | — | — | — | |
| FINN FCN# Gates=258 M, FPGA t.=-2024.11 | 98.86 | — | — | — | |
| DCIPC=50, Ratio %=0.832022.10 | 98.8 | — | — | — | |
| DWN# Gates=-, FPGA t.=45 ns2024.11 | 98.77 | — | — | — | |
| Dynamic MLPModel Architecture=5-Layer MLP, Synaptic Ops (M)=32.222026.03 | 98.72 | — | — | — | |
| DMIPC=50, Ratio %=0.832022.10 | 98.6 | — | — | — | |
| CAFEIPC=50, Ratio %=0.832022.10 | 98.6 | — | — | — | |
| B234Pre-trained=ImageNet, Runs=52026.03 | 98.5 | — | — | — | |
| DiffLogic Net (largest)# Gates=384 K, FPGA t.=-2024.11 | 98.47 | — | — | — | |
| LogicTreeNet-S# Gates=147 K, FPGA t.=4 ns2024.11 | 98.46 | — | — | — | |
| MLP (UHN)Model=MLP, #Params=158,613, Training Protocol=UHN2026.04 | 98.41 | — | — | — | |
| UHNModel=MLP, Evaluation Protocol=Single-task2026.04 | 98.41 | — | — | — | |
| FINN CNV# Gates=5.28 M, FPGA t.=641 ns2024.11 | 98.4 | — | — | — | |
| MLP (Direct)Model=MLP, #Params=118,282, Training Protocol=Direct2026.04 | 98.37 | — | — | — | |
| MLPEvaluation Protocol=Direct training2026.04 | 98.37 | — | — | — | |
| QDSNN (Cfg:0.6/0.7)Model Architecture=LeNet-5, Synaptic Ops (M)=13.922026.03 | 98.24 | — | — | — | |
| MTTIPC=50, Ratio %=0.832022.10 | 98.1 | — | — | — | |
| HaBaBPC=49, Ratio %=0.832022.10 | 98.1 | — | — | — | |
| TTNet# Gates=360 K, FPGA t.=-2024.11 | 98.02 | — | — | — | |
| MLPModel Architecture=5-Layer MLP, Synaptic Ops (M)=41.162026.03 | 98.02 | — | — | — | |
| LUTNet# Gates=-, FPGA t.=5 ns2024.11 | 98.01 | — | — | — | |
| RandomIPC=50, Ratio %=0.832022.10 | 97.9 | — | — | — | |
| UHNModel=MLP, Evaluation Protocol=Multi-task2026.04 | 97.86 | — | — | — | |
| FPGA-NHAP# Gates=-, FPGA t.=4.9 ms2024.11 | 97.81 | — | — | — | |
| DSAIPC=10, Ratio %=0.172022.10 | 97.8 | — | — | — | |
| QDSNN (Cfg:0.6/0.7)Model Architecture=5-Layer MLP, Synaptic Ops (M)=18.702026.03 | 97.8 | — | — | — | |
| SNN (T=32)Model Architecture=LeNet-5, Synaptic Ops (M)=45.172026.03 | 97.76 | — | — | — | |
| DiffLogic Net (small)# Gates=48 K, FPGA t.=-2024.11 | 97.69 | — | — | — | |
| UltraPLIFT=30, source_equation=LIF ODE, type=Temporal2026.02 | 97.55 | — | — | — | |
| DMIPC=10, Ratio %=0.172022.10 | 97.5 | — | — | — | |
| CAFE+DSAIPC=10, Ratio %=0.172022.10 | 97.5 | — | — | — | |
| DSpikeT=302026.02 | 97.48 | — | — | — | |
| UltraLIFT=30, source_equation=LIF ODE, type=Temporal2026.02 | 97.46 | — | — | — | |
| LIFT=102026.02 | 97.45 | — | — | — | |
| LIFT=302026.02 | 97.45 | — | — | — | |
| AdaLIFT=302026.02 | 97.45 | — | — | — | |
| AdaLIFT=102026.02 | 97.43 | — | — | — | |
| K-CenterIPC=50, Ratio %=0.832022.10 | 97.4 | — | — | — | |
| DCIPC=10, Ratio %=0.172022.10 | 97.4 | — | — | — | |
| HaBaBPC=9, Ratio %=0.172022.10 | 97.4 | — | — | — | |
| PLIFT=102026.02 | 97.4 | — | — | — | |
| UltraDPLIFT=30, source_equation=Diffusion PDE, type=Spatial2026.02 | 97.4 | — | — | — | |
| DSpike+T=102026.02 | 97.39 | — | — | — | |
| DSpikeT=102026.02 | 97.38 | — | — | — | |
| UltraDLIFT=30, source_equation=Diffusion PDE, type=Spatial2026.02 | 97.38 | — | — | — | |
| UltraDLIFT=10, source_equation=Diffusion PDE, type=Spatial2026.02 | 97.35 | — | — | — | |
| UltraDPLIFT=10, source_equation=Diffusion PDE, type=Spatial2026.02 | 97.35 | — | — | — | |
| PLIFT=302026.02 | 97.33 | — | — | — | |
| FullPLIFT=102026.02 | 97.33 | — | — | — | |
| FullPLIFT=302026.02 | 97.31 | — | — | — | |
| UltraPLIFT=10, source_equation=LIF ODE, type=Temporal2026.02 | 97.3 | — | — | — | |
| DSpike+T=302026.02 | 97.27 | — | — | — | |
| TTNet (small)# Gates=46 K, FPGA t.=-2024.11 | 97.23 | — | — | — | |
| CAFEIPC=10, Ratio %=0.172022.10 | 97.2 | — | — | — | |
| UltraLIFT=10, source_equation=LIF ODE, type=Temporal2026.02 | 97.14 | — | — | — | |
| MTTIPC=10, Ratio %=0.172022.10 | 96.6 | — | — | — | |
| QDSNN (Cfg:0.2/0.4)Model Architecture=LeNet-5, Synaptic Ops (M)=13.772026.03 | 96.01 | — | — | — | |
| UltraDLIFT=1, source_equation=Diffusion PDE, type=Spatial2026.02 | 95.67 | — | — | — | |
| UltraDPLIFT=1, source_equation=Diffusion PDE, type=Spatial2026.02 | 95.67 | — | — | — | |
| UltraPLIFT=1, source_equation=LIF ODE, type=Temporal2026.02 | 95.6 | — | — | — | |
| DSpikeT=12026.02 | 95.58 | — | — | — | |
| DSpike+T=12026.02 | 95.58 | — | — | — | |
| FedFGAttack Rate (ϵ)=10%, Attack Type=MPAF2026.03 | 95.58 | — | — | — | |
| FedFGAttack Rate (ϵ)=20%, Attack Type=MPAF2026.03 | 95.58 | — | — | — | |
| FedFGAttack Rate (ϵ)=30%, Attack Type=MPAF2026.03 | 95.51 | — | — | — | |
| QDSNN (Cfg:0.2/0.4)Model Architecture=5-Layer MLP, Synaptic Ops (M)=22.302026.03 | 95.5 | — | — | — | |
| LIFT=12026.02 | 95.34 | — | — | — | |
| PLIFT=12026.02 | 95.34 | — | — | — | |
| AdaLIFT=12026.02 | 95.34 | — | — | — | |
| FullPLIFT=12026.02 | 95.27 | — | — | — | |
| RandomIPC=10, Ratio %=0.172022.10 | 95.1 | — | — | — | |
| SNN (T=32)Model Architecture=5-Layer MLP, Synaptic Ops (M)=65.502026.03 | 95 | — | — | — | |
| FedFGAttack Rate (ϵ)=10%, Attack Type=IPM2026.03 | 94.96 | — | — | — | |
| FedFGAttack Rate (ϵ)=10%, Attack Type=SF2026.03 | 94.93 | — | — | — | |
| FedFGAttack Rate (ϵ)=20%, Attack Type=SF2026.03 | 94.9 | — | — | — | |
| FedFGAttack Rate (ϵ)=20%, Attack Type=IPM2026.03 | 94.9 | — | — | — | |
| HerdingIPC=50, Ratio %=0.832022.10 | 94.8 | — | — | — | |
| FedFGAttack Rate (ϵ)=30%, Attack Type=SF2026.03 | 94.66 | — | — | — | |
| FedFGAttack Rate (ϵ)=30%, Attack Type=IPM2026.03 | 94.63 | — | — | — | |
| GAN-FilterAttack Rate (ϵ)=10%, Attack Type=SF2026.03 | 94.51 | — | — | — | |
| QSNN (T=4)Model Architecture=5-Layer MLP, Synaptic Ops (M)=50.102026.03 | 94.5 | — | — | — | |
| UltraLIFT=1, source_equation=LIF ODE, type=Temporal2026.02 | 94.37 | — | — | — |