Image Classification on MNIST (test) (Accuracy Only)
99.8AccuracyCLoVE
Evaluation results
| Method | Links | |
|---|---|---|
| CLoVEData mixing=Label skew 12025.06 | 99.8 | |
| CAW-ConvType=FF-based (Deep), Arch.=CNN, #Layer=172026.06 | 99.74 | |
| CAW-ConvType=FF-based (Deep), Arch.=CNN, #Layer=142026.06 | 99.72 | |
| DF-OType=Block-wise BP, Arch.=CNN, #Layer=102026.06 | 99.7 | |
| CAW-ConvType=FF-based (Shallow), Arch.=CNN, #Layer=42026.06 | 99.67 | |
| DeeperForwardType=FF-based (Deep), Arch.=CNN, #Layer=142026.06 | 99.65 | |
| DeeperForwardType=FF-based (Deep), Arch.=CNN, #Layer=172026.06 | 99.63 | |
| VanillaRequires Retraining=No2026.06 | 99.6 | |
| BPType=Conventional BP, Arch.=CNN, #Layer=182026.06 | 99.58 | |
| TrifectaType=FF-based (Deep), Arch.=CNN, #Layer=122026.06 | 99.58 | |
| DF-RType=FF-based (Deep), Arch.=CNN, #Layer=102026.06 | 99.53 | |
| DeeperForwardType=FF-based (Shallow), Arch.=CNN, #Layer=42026.06 | 99.5 | |
| Local-onlyData mixing=Label skew 12025.06 | 99.5 | |
| CwCompType=FF-based (Shallow), Arch.=CNN, #Layer=42026.06 | 99.42 | |
| FlexCFLData mixing=Label skew 12025.06 | 99.4 | |
| SoftHebbType=non-FF (BP-Free), Arch.=SoftHebb, #Layer=42026.06 | 99.35 | |
| Equiv.Requires Retraining=Yes2026.06 | 99.3 | |
| STNRequires Retraining=Yes2026.06 | 99.3 | |
| CwCompType=FF-based (Deep), Arch.=CNN, #Layer=142026.06 | 99.27 | |
| FedProtoData mixing=Label skew 12025.06 | 99.2 | |
| Augm.Requires Retraining=Yes2026.06 | 99.2 | |
| PACFLData mixing=Label skew 12025.06 | 99.1 | |
| IFCAData mixing=Label skew 12025.06 | 99.1 | |
| CNNLearning Type=Backpropagation2026.05 | 99 | |
| FedAvgData mixing=Label skew 32025.06 | 99 | |
| DTPType=non-FF (BP-Free), Arch.=CNN, #Layer=62026.06 | 98.93 | |
| FedALAData mixing=Label skew 12025.06 | 98.9 | |
| CaFoType=FF-based (Shallow), Arch.=CNN, #Layer=32026.06 | 98.8 | |
| Label FlippingData Distribution=IID, Malicious Clients Percentage α=0%2026.05 | 98.7 | |
| Label FlippingData Distribution=IID, Malicious Clients Percentage α=5%2026.05 | 98.7 | |
| FFType=FF-based (Shallow), Arch.=MLP, #Layer=42026.06 | 98.69 | |
| LearnedRequires Retraining=Yes2026.06 | 98.6 | |
| SymBaType=FF-based (Shallow), Arch.=MLP, #Layer=32026.06 | 98.58 | |
| Label FlippingData Distribution=IID, Malicious Clients Percentage α=10%2026.05 | 98.5 | |
| FedAvgData mixing=Label skew 42025.06 | 98.5 | |
| sPCArchitecture=MLP (4 layers), Loss=Mean Squared Error2025.05 | 98.42 | |
| Label FlippingData Distribution=IID, Malicious Clients Percentage α=20%2026.05 | 98.3 | |
| BackpropArchitecture=MLP (4 layers), Loss=Mean Squared Error2025.05 | 98.3 | |
| ePCArchitecture=MLP (4 layers), Loss=Mean Squared Error2025.05 | 98.28 | |
| BackpropArchitecture=MLP (4 layers), Loss=Cross-Entropy2025.05 | 98.13 | |
| ePCArchitecture=MLP (4 layers), Loss=Cross-Entropy2025.05 | 98.11 | |
| Label FlippingData Distribution=IID, Malicious Clients Percentage α=30%2026.05 | 98.1 | |
| ITSbRequires Retraining=No2026.06 | 98.1 | |
| WIREModel Architecture=Performer, Complexity=O(N)2025.09 | 98.1 | |
| TransformerComplexity=O(N^2), Positional Encoding=Baseline2025.09 | 98.05 | |
| sPCArchitecture=MLP (4 layers), Loss=Cross-Entropy2025.05 | 98.01 | |
| PEPITAType=non-FF (BP-Free), Arch.=CNN, #Layer=22026.06 | 98.01 | |
| Standard MLPLearning Type=Backpropagation2026.05 | 98 | |
| IFCAData mixing=Label skew 42025.06 | 98 | |
| CFL-SData mixing=Label skew 32025.06 | 97.9 | |
| BackpropLoss Function=Mean Squared Error, Architecture=Deep MLP (20 layers)2025.05 | 97.89 | |
| CFL-SData mixing=Label skew 42025.06 | 97.8 | |
| CLoVEData mixing=Label skew 42025.06 | 97.8 | |
| Per-FedAvgData mixing=Label skew 12025.06 | 97.8 | |
| CLoVEData mixing=Feature skew2025.06 | 97.7 | |
| CLoVEData mixing=Concept shift2025.06 | 97.6 | |
| PerformerComplexity=O(N), Positional Encoding=Baseline2025.09 | 97.56 | |
| DPDLalpha_d=1.0, epsilon=1.0, topology=Fully connected, N=202026.06 | 97.5 | |
| CFL-SData mixing=Concept shift2025.06 | 97.5 | |
| VagueGANData Distribution=non-IID, Malicious Clients Percentage α=30%2026.05 | 97.4 | |
| DPDLalpha_d=0.25, epsilon=1.0, topology=Fully connected, N=302026.06 | 97.4 | |
| DPDLalpha_d=1.0, epsilon=0.5, topology=Fully connected, N=202026.06 | 97.4 | |
| DPDLalpha_d=1.0, epsilon=1.0, topology=Fully connected, N=302026.06 | 97.4 | |
| FlexCFLData mixing=Concept shift2025.06 | 97.4 | |
| DPDLalpha_d=0.25, epsilon=1.0, topology=Fully connected, N=202026.06 | 97.3 | |
| DPDLalpha_d=1.0, epsilon=1.0, topology=Fully connected, N=102026.06 | 97.3 | |
| CFL-SData mixing=Label skew 22025.06 | 97.3 | |
| DPDLalpha_d=1.0, epsilon=0.5, topology=Fully connected, N=102026.06 | 97.2 | |
| BackpropLoss Function=Cross-Entropy, Architecture=Deep MLP (20 layers)2025.05 | 97.2 | |
| FlexCFLData mixing=Label skew 42025.06 | 97.2 | |
| F3Type=non-FF (BP-Free), Arch.=MLP, #Layer=22026.06 | 97.16 | |
| ePCLoss Function=Mean Squared Error, Architecture=Deep MLP (20 layers)2025.05 | 97.11 | |
| PCDMData Distribution=IID, Malicious Clients Percentage α=30%2026.05 | 97.1 | |
| CLoVEData mixing=Label skew 22025.06 | 97.1 | |
| DPDLalpha_d=0.25, epsilon=0.5, topology=Fully connected, N=202026.06 | 97 | |
| UH-NASLLM Backbone=GPT-4.12026.06 | 97 | |
| UH-NASLLM Backbone=Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite2026.06 | 96.95 | |
| PCDMData Distribution=non-IID, Malicious Clients Percentage α=30%2026.05 | 96.9 | |
| DPDLalpha_d=1.0, epsilon=0.5, topology=Fully connected, N=302026.06 | 96.9 | |
| sPCLoss Function=Mean Squared Error, Architecture=Deep MLP (20 layers)2025.05 | 96.89 | |
| DPDLalpha_d=1.0, epsilon=0.25, topology=Fully connected, N=102026.06 | 96.8 | |
| EP on Adam-CIMOperation principle=EP on Adam-CIM, Network structure=1-fc (256 hidden units)2026.06 | 96.8 | |
| FedALAData mixing=Label skew 42025.06 | 96.8 | |
| IFCAData mixing=Label skew 22025.06 | 96.8 | |
| DPDLalpha_d=0.25, epsilon=1.0, topology=Fully connected, N=102026.06 | 96.7 | |
| FedALAData mixing=Concept shift2025.06 | 96.7 | |
| FlexCFLData mixing=Feature skew2025.06 | 96.7 | |
| DPDLalpha_d=0.25, epsilon=0.5, topology=Fully connected, N=102026.06 | 96.5 | |
| DPDLalpha_d=0.25, epsilon=0.5, topology=Fully connected, N=302026.06 | 96.4 | |
| DPDLalpha_d=1.0, epsilon=0.25, topology=Fully connected, N=202026.06 | 96.4 | |
| E-RIDERArchitecture=FCN, Reference Mean=0.4, Reference Standard Deviation=0.42026.02 | 96.23 | |
| E-RIDERArchitecture=FCN, Reference Mean=0.4, Reference Standard Deviation=0.22026.02 | 96.21 | |
| DPDLalpha_d=1.0, epsilon=1.0, topology=Bipartite, N=102026.06 | 96.2 | |
| DPDLalpha_d=1.0, epsilon=1.0, topology=Bipartite, N=202026.06 | 96.2 | |
| E-RIDERArchitecture=FCN, Reference Mean=0.4, Reference Standard Deviation=0.32026.02 | 96.2 | |
| DPDLalpha_d=0.25, epsilon=0.25, topology=Fully connected, N=102026.06 | 96.1 | |
| DPDLalpha_d=0.25, epsilon=1.0, topology=Bipartite, N=102026.06 | 96.1 | |
| DPDLalpha_d=1.0, epsilon=1.0, topology=Bipartite, N=302026.06 | 96.1 | |
| FedPACData mixing=Label skew 42025.06 | 96.1 | |
| E-RIDERArchitecture=FCN, Reference Mean=0.4, Reference Standard Deviation=0.052026.02 | 96.07 |