Image Classification on ImageNet-C Severity 5 (Corruption Error Rates)
6Error Rate (Gaussian)TENT
Evaluation results
| Method | Links | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TENTCondition=Online Imbalanced Label Shifts, Imbalance ratio=∞2026.05 | 6 | 19 | 11.5 | 13.8 | 8.6 | 19.5 | 17.1 | 16.4 | 21.7 | 1.9 | 69.8 | 42.2 | 6.3 | 49.6 | 53.6 | 23.8 | |
| NoAdaptCondition=Online Imbalanced Label Shifts, Imbalance ratio=∞2026.05 | 22.1 | 23 | 22 | 19.8 | 11.4 | 21.5 | 25 | 40.3 | 47 | 34 | 68.8 | 36.2 | 18.5 | 29.2 | 52.6 | 31.4 | |
| CLIPBackbone=ViT-B/16, Venue=ICML’21, Adaptation Protocol=online continual test-time adaptation, Severity=52025.06 | 22.94 | 23.2 | 24.06 | 31.5 | 19.8 | 35.84 | 33.58 | 45 | 39.34 | 47.26 | 62.88 | 34.54 | 25.74 | 50.68 | 42.02 | 35.89 | |
| SourceBackbone=ViT-B/16, Adaptation Protocol=online continual test-time adaptation, Severity=52025.06 | 35.06 | 33.68 | 36.92 | 32.46 | 23.04 | 36.78 | 30.56 | 21.4 | 27.54 | 52.84 | 62.6 | 50.26 | 31.68 | 53.58 | 57.28 | 39.05 | |
| SARCondition=Online Imbalanced Label Shifts, Imbalance ratio=∞2026.05 | 36.5 | 38.1 | 37 | 19.4 | 18.1 | 33.4 | 16.1 | 22.6 | 44.4 | 3.8 | 71.6 | 46.6 | 7.1 | 52 | 56.5 | 33.6 | |
| E^SRCondition=Online Imbalanced Label Shifts, Imbalance ratio=∞2026.05 | 38.2 | 41.2 | 40 | 28.8 | 28 | 40.2 | 44.7 | 56.6 | 52 | 60.9 | 72.3 | 51.2 | 48.7 | 59.5 | 57.7 | 48 | |
| MEMOBackbone=ViT-B/16, Venue=NIPS’22, Adaptation Protocol=online continual test-time adaptation, Severity=52025.06 | 41.24 | 40.8 | 42.56 | 32.78 | 29.32 | 44.86 | 37.74 | 30.24 | 33.82 | 53.86 | 69.34 | 56.34 | 33.32 | 62.32 | 59.94 | 44.57 | |
| SARBackbone=ViT-B/16, Venue=ICLR’23, Adaptation Protocol=online continual test-time adaptation, Severity=52025.06 | 41.81 | 48.97 | 53.16 | 43.69 | 38.15 | 51.29 | 45.08 | 48.23 | 54.93 | 64.56 | 75.48 | 59.76 | 45.85 | 64.37 | 66.54 | 53.46 | |
| FOZOQuantization=6-bit, Source-free fully TTA (FTTA)=false, Number of forward passes (#FP)=2, Protocol=single-domain TTA2026.05 | 41.9 | 43.4 | 44.6 | 41.1 | 34.8 | 46.1 | 40.3 | 56.6 | 61.2 | 64 | 75.1 | 26.6 | 47.2 | 59.7 | 67 | 50 | |
| TentBackbone=ViT-B/16, Venue=ICLR’21, Adaptation Protocol=online continual test-time adaptation, Severity=52025.06 | 42.31 | 48.9 | 52.67 | 42.41 | 36.65 | 50.99 | 44.75 | 48.97 | 54.74 | 65.37 | 74.75 | 61.08 | 45.43 | 64.92 | 66.7 | 53.38 | |
| DeYOCondition=Online Imbalanced Label Shifts, Imbalance ratio=∞2026.05 | 43.4 | 44.9 | 43.3 | 22.7 | 24 | 40.5 | 5 | 52.3 | 51 | 0.8 | 73.3 | 52.4 | 19 | 58.8 | 59 | 39.4 | |
| NoAdaptQuantization=6-bit, Source-free fully TTA (FTTA)=true, Number of forward passes (#FP)=1, Protocol=single-domain TTA2026.05 | 44.2 | 42 | 44.8 | 39.8 | 28.9 | 43.4 | 34.7 | 53.2 | 59.8 | 59 | 75.1 | 27.4 | 39 | 59.1 | 65.3 | 47.7 | |
| FOA†Quantization=6-bit, Source-free fully TTA (FTTA)=true, Number of forward passes (#FP)=28, Objective=λ=0 (Entropy-only), Protocol=single-domain TTA2026.05 | 47.4 | 49.2 | 49.6 | 47.1 | 32.4 | 47.5 | 38.1 | 40.4 | 60.7 | 36 | 74.8 | 16.4 | 45.9 | 61.1 | 65.6 | 47.5 | |
| ZOAQuantization=6-bit, Source-free fully TTA (FTTA)=false, Number of forward passes (#FP)=2, Protocol=single-domain TTA2026.05 | 47.5 | 45.5 | 46.8 | 41.2 | 37.5 | 47.9 | 41.9 | 55.6 | 60.7 | 60.4 | 75.6 | 14.8 | 49 | 62.3 | 66.5 | 50.2 | |
| EATABackbone=ViT-B/16, Venue=ICML’22, Adaptation Protocol=online continual test-time adaptation, Severity=52025.06 | 47.93 | 55.2 | 57.23 | 49.21 | 49.27 | 55.49 | 53.18 | 59.45 | 62.47 | 65.27 | 76.71 | 57.82 | 57.09 | 67.63 | 67.07 | 58.73 | |
| DeYOBackbone=ViT-B/16, Venue=ICLR’24, Adaptation Protocol=online continual test-time adaptation, Severity=52025.06 | 50.18 | 56.75 | 57.95 | 48.67 | 49.84 | 54.75 | 48.15 | 58.55 | 60.65 | 63.97 | 75.77 | 56.45 | 56.45 | 66.69 | 67.55 | 58.16 | |
| DPCoreBackbone=ViT-B/16, Venue=ICML’25, Adaptation Protocol=online continual test-time adaptation, Severity=52025.06 | 51.15 | 53.25 | 53.25 | 40.06 | 41.36 | 53.95 | 47.21 | 58.91 | 55.35 | 53.97 | 75.37 | 51.49 | 51.39 | 67.35 | 63.54 | 54.51 | |
| EVA-0†Quantization=6-bit, Source-free fully TTA (FTTA)=true, Number of forward passes (#FP)=2, Objective=λ=0 (Entropy-only), Protocol=single-domain TTA2026.05 | 52 | 53.1 | 54.2 | 48.8 | 47.5 | 55.2 | 51.4 | 61.4 | 63.4 | 67.1 | 77.3 | 43 | 58.5 | 67.6 | 68.8 | 57.9 | |
| FOAQuantization=6-bit, Source-free fully TTA (FTTA)=false, Number of forward passes (#FP)=28, Protocol=single-domain TTA2026.05 | 53.2 | 51.8 | 54.6 | 49.6 | 38.8 | 51 | 44.8 | 60.3 | 65 | 68.8 | 76.7 | 39.5 | 46.6 | 67.3 | 68.6 | 55.8 | |
| RoTTABackbone=ViT-B/16, Venue=CVPR’23, Adaptation Protocol=online continual test-time adaptation, Severity=52025.06 | 53.98 | 54.02 | 55.31 | 49.19 | 35.31 | 54.69 | 48.45 | 62.87 | 65.08 | 64.54 | 77.77 | 38.08 | 50.17 | 68.35 | 70.29 | 56.54 | |
| NOTEBackbone=ViT-B/16, Venue=NIPS’22, Adaptation Protocol=online continual test-time adaptation, Severity=52025.06 | 54.05 | 53.45 | 54.11 | 50.15 | 33.22 | 52.25 | 45.08 | 60.27 | 62.49 | 65.63 | 77.77 | 36.3 | 44.95 | 67.8 | 68.97 | 55.1 | |
| EVA-0Quantization=6-bit, Source-free fully TTA (FTTA)=false, Number of forward passes (#FP)=2, Protocol=single-domain TTA2026.05 | 54.1 | 55.4 | 56 | 51 | 48.8 | 55.9 | 53.7 | 63.7 | 65.4 | 69.3 | 78.1 | 45.6 | 61.3 | 69 | 70.8 | 59.9 | |
| CoTTABackbone=ViT-B/16, Venue=CVPR’22, Adaptation Protocol=online continual test-time adaptation, Severity=52025.06 | 54.37 | 53.67 | 54.89 | 50.02 | 32.02 | 52.47 | 45.3 | 59.83 | 62.41 | 64.37 | 77.76 | 34.84 | 45.33 | 66.67 | 69.53 | 54.9 | |
| CoDiReBackbone=ViT-B/16, Adaptation Protocol=online continual test-time adaptation, Severity=52025.06 | 54.43 | 57.64 | 57.43 | 53.09 | 50.11 | 57.51 | 55.54 | 62.91 | 62.76 | 66.73 | 77.57 | 58.65 | 56.03 | 70.02 | 69.91 | 60.69 | |
| ViDABackbone=ViT-B/16, Venue=ICLR’24, Adaptation Protocol=online continual test-time adaptation, Severity=52025.06 | 54.55 | 56.05 | 57.65 | 50.18 | 34.78 | 54.69 | 46.92 | 61.55 | 63.25 | 64.61 | 77.7 | 36.79 | 49.81 | 69.26 | 70.49 | 56.55 | |
| NoAdaptQuantization=8-bit, Source-free fully TTA (FTTA)=true, Number of forward passes (#FP)=1, Protocol=single-domain TTA2026.05 | 55.8 | 55.8 | 56.5 | 46.7 | 34.7 | 52.1 | 42.5 | 60.8 | 61.4 | 66.7 | 76.9 | 24.6 | 44.7 | 65.8 | 66.7 | 54.1 | |
| SANTABackbone=ViT-B/16, Venue=TMLR’23, Adaptation Protocol=online continual test-time adaptation, Severity=52025.06 | 55.99 | 59.27 | 59.69 | 51.08 | 40.74 | 56.63 | 50.87 | 62.55 | 64.69 | 68.07 | 77.48 | 59.13 | 50.53 | 68.29 | 69.36 | 59.62 | |
| T3AType=BP-free, Backbone=ViT-Base2026.03 | 56.4 | 56.9 | 57.3 | 47.9 | 37.8 | 54.3 | 46.9 | 63.6 | 60.8 | 68.5 | 78.1 | 38.3 | 50 | 67.6 | 69.1 | 56.9 | |
| FOZOQuantization=8-bit, Source-free fully TTA (FTTA)=false, Number of forward passes (#FP)=2, Protocol=single-domain TTA2026.05 | 56.4 | 56.1 | 56.9 | 49.8 | 38.7 | 54.4 | 47.2 | 64.3 | 65.3 | 68.9 | 77.7 | 54.6 | 50.5 | 67.1 | 68.4 | 58.4 | |
| LAMEType=BP-free, Backbone=ViT-Base2026.03 | 56.5 | 56.5 | 57.2 | 46.4 | 34.7 | 52.7 | 44.2 | 58.4 | 61.5 | 63.1 | 77.4 | 24.7 | 44.6 | 66.6 | 67.2 | 54.1 | |
| NoAdaptType=/, Backbone=ViT-Base2026.03 | 56.8 | 56.8 | 57.5 | 46.9 | 35.6 | 53.1 | 44.8 | 62.2 | 62.5 | 65.7 | 77.7 | 32.6 | 46 | 67 | 67.6 | 55.5 | |
| FOA†Quantization=8-bit, Source-free fully TTA (FTTA)=true, Number of forward passes (#FP)=28, Objective=λ=0 (Entropy-only), Protocol=single-domain TTA2026.05 | 57.1 | 57.7 | 58.2 | 52.1 | 35.6 | 54.5 | 35.3 | 46 | 48.6 | 38.3 | 76.7 | 21.5 | 47.6 | 65.5 | 66.6 | 50.8 | |
| ZOAQuantization=8-bit, Source-free fully TTA (FTTA)=false, Number of forward passes (#FP)=2, Protocol=single-domain TTA2026.05 | 57.4 | 57 | 58.2 | 50.6 | 45.5 | 57.6 | 51.6 | 64.1 | 61.2 | 64.4 | 78 | 47.5 | 53.7 | 68.8 | 69.1 | 59 | |
| EVA-0†Quantization=8-bit, Source-free fully TTA (FTTA)=true, Number of forward passes (#FP)=2, Objective=λ=0 (Entropy-only), Protocol=single-domain TTA2026.05 | 59.1 | 60.4 | 61 | 56.2 | 53.3 | 60.4 | 56.8 | 67.4 | 66.4 | 71.4 | 79.4 | 62.2 | 62.6 | 71.9 | 71.7 | 64 | |
| SARType=BP-based, Backbone=ViT-Base2026.03 | 59.2 | 60.5 | 60.7 | 57.5 | 55.6 | 61.8 | 57.6 | 65.9 | 63.5 | 69.1 | 78.7 | 45.7 | 62.4 | 71.9 | 70.3 | 62.7 | |
| TENTType=BP-based, Backbone=ViT-Base2026.03 | 60.3 | 61.6 | 61.8 | 59.2 | 56.5 | 63.5 | 59.2 | 54.3 | 64.5 | 2.3 | 79.1 | 67.4 | 61.5 | 72.5 | 70.6 | 59.6 | |
| FOAQuantization=8-bit, Source-free fully TTA (FTTA)=false, Number of forward passes (#FP)=28, Protocol=single-domain TTA2026.05 | 60.7 | 61.4 | 61.3 | 57.2 | 51.5 | 59.4 | 51.3 | 68 | 67.3 | 72.4 | 80.3 | 63.2 | 57 | 72 | 69.8 | 63.5 | |
| FOAType=BP-free, Backbone=ViT-Base2026.03 | 60.8 | 61.5 | 62 | 55.7 | 43.5 | 58.5 | 51.5 | 66.9 | 64.3 | 70.7 | 80.5 | 64.2 | 53.1 | 72.1 | 70.9 | 62.4 | |
| EVA-0Quantization=8-bit, Source-free fully TTA (FTTA)=false, Number of forward passes (#FP)=2, Protocol=single-domain TTA2026.05 | 60.9 | 62.1 | 62.9 | 56.5 | 54.2 | 61.5 | 59.2 | 69.4 | 68.2 | 73.2 | 80.2 | 63.7 | 65.8 | 73.3 | 72.6 | 65.6 | |
| EATAType=BP-based, Backbone=ViT-Base2026.03 | 61.2 | 62.3 | 62.7 | 60 | 59.2 | 64.7 | 61.7 | 69 | 66.6 | 71.8 | 79.7 | 66.8 | 65 | 74.2 | 72.3 | 66.5 | |
| ZOTTAType=BP-free, Backbone=ViT-Base2026.03 | 61.8 | 63.7 | 63.8 | 57.9 | 57.8 | 62.8 | 59.7 | 70.2 | 67.8 | 72.3 | 80.5 | 66 | 67.6 | 74 | 73.2 | 66.6 | |
| DeYOType=BP-based, Backbone=ViT-Base2026.03 | 62.4 | 64 | 63.9 | 61 | 60.7 | 66.4 | 62.9 | 70.9 | 69.6 | 73.7 | 80.5 | 67.2 | 69.9 | 75.7 | 73.7 | 68.2 | |
| CoTTAType=BP-based, Backbone=ViT-Base2026.03 | 63.6 | 63.8 | 64.1 | 55.5 | 51.1 | 63.6 | 55.5 | 70 | 69.4 | 71.5 | 78.5 | 9.7 | 64.5 | 73.4 | 71.2 | 61.7 |