Image Classification on ImageNet-C (Corruption Type Breakdown)
78.3Accuracy (Brightness)NEO
Evaluation results
| Method | Links | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NEOBackbone=ViT-Base, Evaluation Protocol=Test-Time Adaptation2025.10 | 78.3 | 57.7 | 57.6 | 58.1 | 49.8 | 37.9 | 55 | 47.5 | 64.6 | 65 | 71.2 | 58.2 | 49.8 | 68.2 | 69.1 | 59.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TENTBackbone=ViT-Base, Evaluation Protocol=Test-Time Adaptation2025.10 | 78.2 | 57.2 | 57.5 | 57.6 | 48 | 36.8 | 54 | 46.4 | 63 | 63.3 | 62.4 | 36.9 | 46.7 | 68 | 67.6 | 56.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FOABackbone=ViT-Base, Evaluation Protocol=Test-Time Adaptation2025.10 | 78.2 | 57.2 | 58.6 | 57.7 | 49.2 | 36.8 | 54.4 | 47.1 | 64.3 | 63.9 | 70.7 | 54.5 | 49.6 | 67.2 | 68.6 | 58.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| T3ABackbone=ViT-Base, Evaluation Protocol=Test-Time Adaptation2025.10 | 78.1 | 56.7 | 57 | 57 | 47.5 | 35.9 | 53.1 | 45.3 | 62.7 | 63.3 | 62.9 | 27.5 | 45.8 | 67.4 | 67.3 | 55.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| LAMEBackbone=ViT-Base, Evaluation Protocol=Test-Time Adaptation2025.10 | 78.1 | 56.5 | 56.8 | 56.7 | 47.1 | 34.9 | 52.9 | 44.7 | 58.5 | 62.2 | 62 | 24.9 | 44.4 | 67.1 | 66.9 | 54.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SurgeonBackbone=ViT-Base, Evaluation Protocol=Test-Time Adaptation2025.10 | 78.1 | 58.7 | 58.8 | 58.9 | 49.1 | 36.8 | 54.8 | 45.7 | 62.2 | 61.7 | 63 | 31.7 | 46.2 | 67.6 | 68.9 | 56.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SARBackbone=ViT-Base, Evaluation Protocol=Test-Time Adaptation2025.10 | 78 | 57 | 57.3 | 57.5 | 47.5 | 36.3 | 53.5 | 46.3 | 62.6 | 63.3 | 65.4 | 34 | 45.7 | 67.5 | 67.3 | 55.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| No AdaptBackbone=ViT-Base, Evaluation Protocol=Test-Time Adaptation2025.10 | 77.9 | 57 | 56.9 | 57.4 | 46.9 | 35.3 | 53.3 | 44.8 | 62.2 | 62.6 | 65.8 | 32.6 | 45.8 | 67.5 | 67.9 | 55.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CoTTABackbone=ViT-Base, Evaluation Protocol=Test-Time Adaptation2025.10 | 77.9 | 57 | 57.1 | 57.7 | 48.2 | 36 | 53.3 | 45 | 63.2 | 63 | 64.8 | 33.2 | 46.3 | 67.8 | 67.8 | 55.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ELaTTANetwork=EfficientNet-B02025.10 | 75.67 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 16.61 | 21.53 | 16.71 | 25.02 | 7.57 | 25.91 | 27.69 | 35.05 | 30.38 | 32.78 | 25.96 | 18.5 | 55.14 | 59.24 | 31.58 | — | — | |
| NEOBackbone=ViT-Small2025.10 | 71.9 | 36 | 34.7 | 35.5 | 35.9 | 26 | 44.4 | 36.4 | 48.5 | 47.6 | 51.9 | 19.7 | 43.8 | 57.7 | 57.8 | 43.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SurgeonBackbone=ViT-Small2025.10 | 71.5 | 35.3 | 34.4 | 33.6 | 32 | 24.3 | 40.8 | 32.9 | 43.7 | 44.6 | 46.3 | 15.9 | 38.3 | 54.8 | 54.3 | 40.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TENTBackbone=ViT-Small2025.10 | 71.4 | 34.7 | 34 | 34.5 | 32.1 | 24.6 | 41.9 | 33.5 | 44.9 | 45 | 46 | 18.7 | 37.6 | 56.9 | 56.2 | 40.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SARBackbone=ViT-Small2025.10 | 71.3 | 33.8 | 34.7 | 35.5 | 32 | 24.9 | 41.6 | 33.2 | 44.9 | 44.9 | 46.3 | 17.9 | 36.4 | 56.5 | 56.3 | 40.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| FOABackbone=ViT-Small2025.10 | 71.3 | 33.7 | 33.4 | 34 | 37.1 | 25.1 | 44.2 | 35.2 | 47.2 | 46.4 | 49.7 | 21.5 | 42.4 | 56.3 | 57.9 | 42.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| T3ABackbone=ViT-Small2025.10 | 70.8 | 33 | 32.1 | 32.7 | 31.3 | 23.5 | 40.7 | 32.3 | 44.4 | 44.2 | 46.5 | 16 | 36.9 | 55.6 | 55.4 | 39.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| No AdaptBackbone=ViT-Small2025.10 | 70.4 | 33.4 | 32.1 | 33 | 30.9 | 22.9 | 41.1 | 32.5 | 43.6 | 43.3 | 46.3 | 16 | 36.9 | 55.4 | 55.2 | 39.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| LAMEBackbone=ViT-Small2025.10 | 70.4 | 32.6 | 31.8 | 32.2 | 30.7 | 22.7 | 40.2 | 31.7 | 42.1 | 43.4 | 45.3 | 15.7 | 35.5 | 55.2 | 55 | 39 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CoTTABackbone=ViT-Small2025.10 | 70.3 | 33 | 31.7 | 32.8 | 31.9 | 23.7 | 40.4 | 31.9 | 44.2 | 43.8 | 47 | 16.1 | 37 | 56.1 | 55.2 | 39.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TTNNetwork=EfficientNet-B02025.10 | 69.35 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 15.32 | 12.34 | 15.32 | 23.44 | 6.32 | 23.23 | 26.36 | 32.02 | 28.66 | 32.74 | 24.78 | 18.5 | 52.64 | 54.44 | 29.03 | — | — | |
| IABNNetwork=EfficientNet-B02025.10 | 69.24 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 14.71 | 19.32 | 14.75 | 21.34 | 9.24 | 21.59 | 25.65 | 33.35 | 29.45 | 29.56 | 22.51 | 17.88 | 49.46 | 53.32 | 28.76 | — | — | |
| RamenVenue=-, Backbone=ViT-L/142026.04 | 68.7 | 37.5 | 38.8 | 41.1 | 42.2 | 39.6 | 49.9 | 46.2 | 57.3 | 51.6 | 59.4 | 46.4 | 45.2 | 59.4 | 54.7 | 49.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SARNetwork=EfficientNet-B02025.10 | 68.64 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 15.34 | 20.58 | 16.22 | 22.53 | 4.24 | 20.34 | 22.35 | 32.45 | 20.76 | 28.63 | 22.46 | 16.34 | 46.86 | 49.58 | 27.15 | — | — | |
| ELaTTANetwork=MobileNet-V42025.10 | 68.52 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 5.47 | 7.55 | 5.43 | 10.89 | 2.99 | 14.57 | 12.28 | 13.17 | 23.08 | 12.7 | 2.78 | 11.77 | 11.77 | 41.43 | 16.29 | — | — | |
| TDAVenue=CVPR’24, Backbone=ViT-L/142026.04 | 68.5 | 29.6 | 31 | 31.5 | 38.1 | 28.9 | 44.6 | 40 | 53.4 | 47.5 | 53.3 | 39.1 | 33.4 | 57.1 | 45.1 | 42.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DMN-ZSVenue=CVPR’24, Backbone=ViT-L/142026.04 | 67.9 | 29.2 | 30.5 | 30.2 | 37.6 | 27.6 | 44.4 | 39.2 | 52.5 | 46.6 | 52.7 | 33.8 | 32.5 | 56.5 | 44.5 | 41.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| WATT-SVenue=NeurIPS’24, Backbone=ViT-L/142026.04 | 67.9 | 31.8 | 33.1 | 33.6 | 39.2 | 30.7 | 45.7 | 41.3 | 53.5 | 47.3 | 53.7 | 40.1 | 34.7 | 57.3 | 45.6 | 43.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| EnsembleVenue=-, Backbone=ViT-L/142026.04 | 67.8 | 29.1 | 30.4 | 30.1 | 37.5 | 27.3 | 44.2 | 39.2 | 52.4 | 46.4 | 52.6 | 34.4 | 32.4 | 56.2 | 44.2 | 41.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TentVenue=ICLR’21, Backbone=ViT-L/142026.04 | 67.8 | 36.3 | 38 | 38.5 | 40.3 | 37.4 | 47.7 | 43.5 | 54.2 | 49.5 | 56.4 | 45.4 | 40.6 | 57.6 | 46.6 | 46.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| NOTEVenue=NeurIPS’22, Backbone=ViT-L/142026.04 | 67.8 | 36.3 | 38 | 38.6 | 40 | 37.3 | 47.6 | 43.5 | 54.4 | 49.7 | 56.4 | 44.5 | 40.8 | 57.5 | 46.2 | 46.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| MintVenue=NeurIPS’25, Backbone=ViT-L/142026.04 | 67.7 | 33.8 | 35.2 | 35.8 | 39.3 | 33.3 | 46.2 | 41.5 | 53.6 | 47.4 | 53.3 | 36.3 | 38.2 | 58.1 | 47.4 | 44.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| No AdaptNetwork=EfficientNet-B02025.10 | 67.25 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 15.07 | 18.47 | 14.66 | 21.48 | 8.66 | 21.73 | 24.24 | 30.95 | 27.77 | 28.8 | 21.96 | 17.62 | 46.73 | 50.51 | 27.73 | — | — | |
| RoTTAVenue=CVPR’23, Backbone=ViT-L/142026.04 | 67.2 | 37.4 | 38.7 | 39.6 | 36.9 | 34.5 | 44 | 39.3 | 53.5 | 48.6 | 54.2 | 43 | 39.7 | 56.3 | 48.4 | 45.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| SARVenue=ICLR’23, Backbone=ViT-L/142026.04 | 66.8 | 36.3 | 38.3 | 38.5 | 39.2 | 38.5 | 46.8 | 43.4 | 53.9 | 50.4 | 56.6 | 45.5 | 41.8 | 56.2 | 46.6 | 46.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| IABNNetwork=MobileNet-V42025.10 | 66.48 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 5.32 | 7.5 | 6.23 | 9.46 | 3.02 | 12.34 | 11.68 | 12.34 | 20.68 | 13.46 | 2.02 | 11.36 | 9.68 | 36.46 | 15.2 | — | — | |
| CLIPVenue=ICML’21, Backbone=ViT-L/142026.04 | 65.4 | 27.4 | 29.4 | 28.7 | 34.6 | 25.3 | 41 | 36.7 | 49.8 | 44.1 | 49.7 | 35.1 | 30.3 | 53.5 | 42.2 | 39.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CLIPArTTVenue=WACV’25, Backbone=ViT-L/142026.04 | 65 | 28.2 | 30.2 | 29.8 | 35 | 26.5 | 41.4 | 37.3 | 50.3 | 43.7 | 49.7 | 38.5 | 31 | 53.5 | 42.3 | 40.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TTNNetwork=MobileNet-V42025.10 | 64.66 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 6.98 | 7.54 | 6.38 | 9.84 | 3.34 | 13.56 | 12.56 | 12.64 | 20.46 | 12.42 | 2.46 | 10.48 | 10.46 | 40.58 | 15.62 | — | — | |
| SARNetwork=MobileNet-V42025.10 | 60.34 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 4.98 | 7.32 | 4.54 | 10.2 | 3.02 | 14.54 | 11.08 | 12.78 | 22.34 | 11.6 | 2.66 | 10.46 | 11.42 | 39.64 | 15.13 | — | — | |
| No AdaptNetwork=MobileNet-V42025.10 | 58.11 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 5.97 | 7.58 | 6.02 | 9.69 | 3.03 | 12.3 | 11.19 | 12.57 | 20.2 | 11.41 | 3.84 | 11.05 | 10.29 | 32.79 | 14.4 | — | — | |
| ELaTTANetwork=ResNet-502025.10 | 55.32 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 4.99 | 5.18 | 4.41 | 11.36 | 7.32 | 14.26 | 18.29 | 7 | 15.32 | 15.01 | 0.25 | 13.07 | 23.29 | 40.97 | 15.74 | — | — | |
| TTNNetwork=ResNet-502025.10 | 49.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1.73 | 5.13 | 4.9 | 4.17 | 6.69 | 10.16 | 14.14 | 6.13 | 14.52 | 14.42 | 0.22 | 12.26 | 22.03 | 33.07 | 13.25 | — | — | |
| SARNetwork=ResNet-502025.10 | 48.51 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 2.34 | 4.46 | 4.24 | 6.56 | 6.66 | 14.04 | 16.34 | 4.02 | 14.68 | 13.26 | 0.35 | 12.43 | 20.44 | 36.46 | 13.65 | — | — | |
| IABNNetwork=ResNet-502025.10 | 47.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 7.22 | 5.1 | 5.54 | 5.46 | 7.38 | 11.92 | 15.98 | 5.74 | 12.32 | 14.14 | 0.9 | 7.1 | 18.26 | 18.04 | 12.15 | — | — | |
| No AdaptNetwork=ResNet-502025.10 | 45.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 4.47 | 4.74 | 4.06 | 8.11 | 5.96 | 9.59 | 14.74 | 6.92 | 14.47 | 12.32 | 0.72 | 11.08 | 18.19 | 32.54 | 12.91 | — | — | |
| MoASE++Venue=Proposed2026.05 | 27.1 | 41.3 | 38.7 | 34.3 | 50.3 | 54.5 | 40 | 46.2 | 34.7 | 34.2 | 37 | 63.3 | 33.4 | 26.4 | 27.8 | 39.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 16.1 | |
| TCAVenue=ICCV20252026.05 | 27 | 43.9 | 39.7 | 41.7 | 59.5 | 50.3 | 44.8 | 45 | 43.4 | 39.8 | 39.8 | 52.4 | 44.1 | 34 | 35.8 | 42.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 13.1 | |
| SourceVenue=ICLR20212026.05 | 26.4 | 53 | 51.8 | 52.1 | 68.5 | 78.8 | 58.5 | 63.3 | 49.9 | 54.2 | 57.7 | 91.4 | 57.5 | 38 | 36.2 | 55.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | |
| CoTTAVenue=CVPR20222026.05 | 25.9 | 52.9 | 51.6 | 51.4 | 68.3 | 78.1 | 57.1 | 62 | 48.2 | 52.7 | 55.3 | 90 | 56.4 | 36.4 | 35.2 | 54.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1 | |
| MoASEVenue=AAAI20262026.05 | 25.2 | 43.1 | 38.4 | 36.8 | 54.7 | 52.2 | 41.2 | 48.3 | 37.7 | 35.6 | 41.1 | 63.5 | 34.7 | 27.7 | 28.3 | 40.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 15.3 | |
| BECoTTAVenue=ICML20242026.05 | 25 | 50.1 | 46.6 | 42.3 | 57.1 | 65.8 | 51.3 | 51.7 | 42 | 41.4 | 42.5 | 67.3 | 50.3 | 31.6 | 34.4 | 44 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 11.8 | |
| ViDAVenue=ICLR20242026.05 | 24.3 | 47.7 | 42.5 | 42.9 | 52.2 | 56.9 | 45.5 | 48.9 | 38.9 | 42.7 | 40.7 | 52.8 | 49.1 | 33.5 | 33.1 | 43.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 12.4 | |
| TENTVenue=CVPR20212026.05 | 23.9 | 52.2 | 48.9 | 49.2 | 65.8 | 73 | 54.5 | 58.4 | 44 | 47.7 | 50.3 | 72.8 | 55.7 | 34.4 | 33.9 | 51 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 4.8 | |
| VDPVenue=AAAI20232026.05 | 23.6 | 52.7 | 51.6 | 50.1 | 58.1 | 70.2 | 56.1 | 58.1 | 42.1 | 46.1 | 45.8 | 70.4 | 54.9 | 34.5 | 36.1 | 50 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 5.8 | |
| BP-TTA2026.06 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 67.69 | — | — | |
| CoTTA2026.06 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 99.46 | — | — | |
| DA-TTA2026.06 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 70.28 | — | — | |
| EATA2026.06 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 74.55 | — | — | |
| LAME2026.06 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 95.09 | — | — | |
| PALM2026.06 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 70.37 | — | — | |
| RoTTA2026.06 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 69.58 | — | — | |
| SAR2026.06 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 76.23 | — | — | |
| Source2026.06 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 81.9 | — | — | |
| SURGEON2026.06 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 70.13 | — | — | |
| TENT2026.06 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 95.64 | — | — |