Image Classification on Cross-domain Benchmark (AIR, CAL, CAR, DTD, EUR, FLWR, FOOD, PETS, SUN, UCF) (test)
40.8AIR AccuracyADTE CuPL
Evaluation results
| Method | Links | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ADTE CuPLBackbone=ViT-L/142026.02 | 40.8 | 97.4 | 81.8 | 65.6 | 65.9 | 83.8 | 91.7 | 94.6 | 74.8 | 80.4 | 77.7 | |
| FrolicBackbone=ViT-L/142026.02 | 40 | 97.2 | 80.8 | 64.1 | 66.2 | 82.4 | 91.8 | 94.9 | 74.5 | 80 | 77.1 | |
| ADTE TemplatesBackbone=ViT-L/142026.02 | 37.2 | 96.4 | 79.4 | 59.7 | 56.2 | 79.4 | 91.8 | 93.7 | 73.2 | 80.6 | 74.8 | |
| CuPLBackbone=ViT-L/142026.02 | 35.5 | 96.7 | 78 | 62.7 | 61.2 | 79.8 | 91.3 | 94.3 | 72.4 | 75.9 | 74.7 | |
| TDABackbone=ViT-L/142026.02 | 34.7 | 95.9 | 78.3 | 56.7 | 64.1 | 80.5 | 90.9 | 93.5 | 71.5 | 76.6 | 74.2 | |
| ZeroBackbone=ViT-L/142026.02 | 33.9 | 96 | 78.5 | 53.7 | 54.1 | 79.2 | 90.2 | 93.4 | 72.1 | 77.1 | 72.8 | |
| ADTE CuPLBackbone=ViT-B/162026.02 | 33.5 | 95.7 | 71.2 | 57.2 | 58.2 | 75.4 | 86.9 | 92.7 | 71.3 | 75.5 | 71.8 | |
| CLIPBackbone=ViT-L/142026.02 | 32.4 | 94.8 | 76.8 | 53 | 58 | 79.3 | 91 | 93.5 | 67.5 | 74.2 | 72 | |
| TPTBackbone=ViT-L/142026.02 | 31.9 | 95.5 | 77.7 | 55.2 | 51.8 | 76.2 | 88.9 | 93.6 | 70.2 | 74.9 | 71.5 | |
| FrolicBackbone=ViT-B/162026.02 | 31.5 | 95.2 | 69.1 | 56.1 | 58.5 | 74.8 | 87.2 | 92.9 | 70.8 | 75.2 | 71.1 | |
| DPEBackbone=ViT-B/16, Test-time adaptation (TTA)=true2025.07 | 28.95 | 94.81 | 67.31 | 54.2 | 55.79 | 75.07 | 86.17 | 91.14 | 70.07 | 70.44 | 69.4 | |
| ADTE TemplatesBackbone=ViT-B/162026.02 | 28.9 | 94.8 | 70.9 | 49.5 | 53.8 | 72.6 | 86.3 | 89.7 | 70.4 | 73.1 | 69 | |
| BCABackbone=ViT-B/162026.02 | 28.6 | 94.7 | 66.8 | 53.5 | 56.6 | 73.1 | 86 | 90.4 | 68.4 | 67.6 | 68.6 | |
| BCAVisual Backbone=ViT-B/162025.03 | 28.59 | 94.69 | 66.86 | 53.49 | 56.63 | 73.12 | 85.97 | 90.43 | 68.41 | 67.59 | 68.59 | |
| BCABackbone=ViT-B/16, Test-time adaptation (TTA)=true, Training-free status=true2025.07 | 28.59 | 94.69 | 66.86 | 53.49 | 56.63 | 73.12 | 85.97 | 90.43 | 68.41 | 67.59 | 68.59 | |
| MS-TTABackbone=ViT-B/16, Test-time adaptation (TTA)=true, Training-free status=true2025.07 | 27.78 | 95.01 | 69.49 | 45.86 | 65.21 | 73.2 | 87.38 | 90.11 | 68.42 | 72.38 | 69.48 | |
| CuPLBackbone=ViT-B/162026.02 | 27.7 | 94.6 | 66.4 | 54.3 | 52.7 | 73.2 | 86.2 | 92 | 68.5 | 70.7 | 68.6 | |
| BoostAdapterBackbone=ViT-B/16, Test-time adaptation (TTA)=true, Training-free status=true2025.07 | 27.45 | 94.77 | 69.3 | 45.69 | 61.22 | 71.66 | 87.17 | 89.51 | 68.09 | 71.93 | 68.68 | |
| HisTPTVisual Backbone=ViT-B/162025.03 | 26.9 | 94.5 | 69.2 | 48.9 | 49.7 | 71.2 | 89.3 | 89.1 | 67.2 | 70.1 | 67.6 | |
| HisTPTBackbone=ViT-B/16, Test-time adaptation (TTA)=true2025.07 | 26.9 | 94.5 | 69.2 | 48.9 | 49.7 | 71.2 | 89.3 | 89.1 | 67.2 | 70.1 | 67.61 | |
| CLIP with LAVisual Backbone=ViT-B/162025.03 | 26.85 | 93.5 | 65.34 | 51.89 | 50.82 | 71.41 | 85.6 | 89.99 | 67.09 | 66.87 | 66.94 | |
| CLIP with PAVisual Backbone=ViT-B/162025.03 | 26.7 | 94.19 | 65.63 | 52.6 | 55.17 | 72.71 | 85.75 | 90.3 | 68.04 | 67.01 | 67.81 | |
| TaTaBackbone=ViT-B/162026.01 | 26.68 | 93.82 | 68.04 | 49.57 | 59.67 | 71.28 | 89.45 | 89.91 | 68.64 | 73.54 | 69.06 | |
| DiffTPTBackbone=ViT-B/16, Target distribution modeling=false, Availability=true, Training-free=true2025.07 | 25.6 | 92.49 | 67.01 | 47 | 43.13 | 70.1 | 87.23 | 88.22 | 65.74 | 62.67 | 65.47 | |
| DiffTPTVisual Backbone=ViT-B/162025.03 | 25.6 | 92.49 | 67.01 | 47 | 43.13 | 70.1 | 87.23 | 88.22 | 65.74 | 62.67 | 65.47 | |
| DiffTPTBackbone=ViT-B/162026.01 | 25.6 | 92.49 | 67.01 | 47 | 43.13 | 70.1 | 87.23 | 88.22 | 65.74 | 62.67 | 65.47 | |
| DiffTPTBackbone=ViT-B/16, Test-time adaptation (TTA)=true2025.07 | 25.6 | 92.49 | 67.01 | 47 | 43.13 | 70.1 | 87.23 | 88.22 | 65.74 | 62.67 | 64.92 | |
| MTABackbone=ViT-B/16, Target distribution modeling=false, Availability=true, Training-free=true2025.07 | 25.32 | 94.13 | 68.05 | 45.59 | 38.71 | 68.26 | 84.95 | 88.22 | 64.98 | 68.11 | 64.63 | |
| MTABackbone=ViT-B/16, Test-time adaptation (TTA)=true2025.07 | 25.32 | 94.13 | 68.05 | 45.59 | 38.71 | 68.26 | 84.95 | 88.22 | 64.98 | 68.11 | 64.63 | |
| MTAVisual Backbone=ViT-B/162025.03 | 25.2 | 94.21 | 68.47 | 45.9 | 45.36 | 68.06 | 85 | 88.24 | 66.67 | 68.69 | 65.58 | |
| MTA+EnsembleBackbone=ViT-B/16, Test-time adaptation (TTA)=true, Ensemble status=true2025.07 | 25.2 | 94.21 | 68.47 | 45.9 | 45.36 | 68.06 | 85 | 88.24 | 66.67 | 68.69 | 65.58 | |
| FreeTTABackbone=ViT-B/16, Target distribution modeling=true, Availability=true, Training-free=true2025.07 | 25.11 | 94.63 | 67.34 | 46.96 | 62.93 | 71.62 | 86.62 | 90.11 | 67.76 | 71.16 | 68.42 | |
| PromptAlignBackbone=ViT-B/16, Target distribution modeling=false, Availability=false, Training-free=false2025.07 | 24.8 | 94.01 | 68.5 | 47.24 | 47.86 | 72.39 | 86.65 | 90.76 | 67.54 | 69.47 | 66.92 | |
| PromptAlignVisual Backbone=ViT-B/162025.03 | 24.8 | 94.01 | 68.5 | 47.24 | 47.86 | 72.39 | 86.65 | 90.76 | 67.54 | 69.47 | 66.92 | |
| CLIPBackbone=ViT-B/162026.02 | 24.8 | 92.9 | 65.2 | 44.3 | 47.7 | 70.4 | 86.1 | 88.9 | 62.5 | 66.7 | 64.9 | |
| TPTBackbone=ViT-B/16, Target distribution modeling=false, Availability=true, Training-free=true2025.07 | 24.78 | 94.16 | 66.87 | 47.75 | 42.44 | 68.98 | 84.67 | 87.79 | 65.5 | 68.04 | 65.1 | |
| TPTVisual Backbone=ViT-B/162025.03 | 24.78 | 94.16 | 66.87 | 47.75 | 42.44 | 68.98 | 84.67 | 87.79 | 65.5 | 68.04 | 65.1 | |
| TPTBackbone=ViT-B/162026.01 | 24.78 | 94.16 | 66.87 | 47.75 | 42.44 | 68.98 | 84.67 | 87.79 | 65.5 | 68.04 | 65.1 | |
| TPTBackbone=ViT-B/16, Test-time adaptation (TTA)=true2025.07 | 24.78 | 94.16 | 66.87 | 47.75 | 42.44 | 68.98 | 84.67 | 87.79 | 65.5 | 68.04 | 65.1 | |
| TPTBackbone=ViT-B/162026.02 | 24.7 | 94.1 | 66.8 | 47.7 | 42.4 | 68.9 | 84.6 | 87.7 | 65.5 | 68 | 65 | |
| ZeroVisual Backbone=ViT-B/162025.03 | 24.42 | 94.14 | 68.48 | 45.86 | 43.77 | 66.82 | 84.58 | 87.2 | 66.9 | 68.57 | 65.07 | |
| ZEROBackbone=ViT-B/16, Target distribution modeling=false, Availability=true, Training-free=true2025.07 | 24.4 | 93.51 | 67.54 | 45.8 | 39.6 | 67.07 | 84.36 | 86.74 | 64.49 | 67.64 | 64.66 | |
| ZeroBackbone=ViT-B/162026.02 | 24.4 | 94.1 | 68.5 | 45.9 | 43.8 | 66.8 | 84.6 | 87.2 | 66.9 | 68.6 | 65.1 | |
| DynaBackbone=ViT-B/162026.02 | 24.3 | 94.3 | 67.7 | 48 | 42.3 | 69.9 | 85.4 | 88.3 | 66.3 | 68.7 | 65.5 | |
| TDABackbone=ViT-B/16, Target distribution modeling=false, Availability=true, Training-free=false2025.07 | 23.91 | 94.24 | 67.28 | 47.4 | 58 | 71.42 | 86.14 | 88.63 | 67.62 | 70.66 | 67.53 | |
| TDAVisual Backbone=ViT-B/162025.03 | 23.91 | 94.24 | 67.28 | 47.4 | 58 | 71.42 | 86.14 | 88.63 | 67.62 | 70.66 | 67.53 | |
| TDABackbone=ViT-B/162026.01 | 23.91 | 94.24 | 67.28 | 47.4 | 58 | 71.42 | 86.14 | 88.63 | 67.62 | 70.66 | 67.53 | |
| TDABackbone=ViT-B/16, Test-time adaptation (TTA)=true, Training-free status=true2025.07 | 23.91 | 94.24 | 67.28 | 47.4 | 58 | 71.42 | 86.14 | 88.63 | 67.62 | 70.66 | 67.53 | |
| C-TPTVisual Backbone=ViT-B/162025.03 | 23.9 | 94.1 | 66.7 | 46.8 | 48.7 | 69.9 | 84.5 | 87.4 | 66 | 66.7 | 65.5 | |
| TDABackbone=ViT-B/162026.02 | 23.9 | 94.2 | 67.2 | 47.4 | 58 | 71.4 | 86.1 | 88.6 | 67.6 | 70.6 | 67.5 | |
| CLIP-ViT-B/16Backbone=ViT-B/162025.07 | 23.22 | 93.55 | 66.11 | 45.04 | 50.42 | 66.99 | 82.86 | 86.92 | 65.63 | 65.16 | 64.59 | |
| CLIPVisual Backbone=ViT-B/162025.03 | 23.22 | 93.55 | 66.11 | 45.04 | 50.42 | 66.99 | 82.86 | 86.92 | 65.63 | 65.16 | 64.59 | |
| CLIPBackbone=ViT-B/162026.01 | 23.22 | 93.55 | 66.11 | 45.04 | 50.42 | 66.99 | 82.86 | 86.92 | 65.63 | 65.16 | 64.59 | |
| CLIPBackbone=ViT-B/162025.07 | 23.22 | 93.55 | 66.11 | 45.04 | 50.42 | 66.99 | 82.86 | 86.92 | 65.63 | 65.16 | 64.59 | |
| MMRL + MetaTPTBackbone=ViT-B/322025.12 | 22.75 | 93.12 | 64.41 | 50.24 | 47.1 | 68.47 | 82.56 | 89.79 | 68.05 | 69.26 | 65.57 | |
| CoCoOpBackbone=ViT-B/16, Target distribution modeling=false, Availability=false, Training-free=false2025.07 | 22.29 | 93.79 | 64.9 | 45.45 | 39.23 | 70.85 | 83.97 | 90.46 | 66.89 | 68.44 | 64.63 | |
| CoCoOpBackbone=ViT-B/162026.01 | 22.29 | 93.79 | 64.9 | 45.45 | 39.23 | 70.85 | 83.97 | 90.46 | 66.89 | 68.44 | 64.63 | |
| CoCoOpBackbone=ViT-B/162025.07 | 22.29 | 93.79 | 64.9 | 45.45 | 39.23 | 70.85 | 83.97 | 90.46 | 66.89 | 68.44 | 64.63 | |
| MMRLBackbone=ViT-B/322025.12 | 20.33 | 92.4 | 60.78 | 46.93 | 48.86 | 66.94 | 80.59 | 88.7 | 65.44 | 65.63 | 63.66 | |
| BCAVisual Backbone=ResNet-502025.03 | 19.89 | 89.7 | 58.13 | 48.58 | 42.12 | 66.3 | 77.19 | 85.58 | 63.38 | 63.51 | 61.44 | |
| PromptAlignBackbone=ViT-B/322025.12 | 18.76 | 92.1 | 63.48 | 42.54 | 39.68 | 66.14 | 82.07 | 88.44 | 66.08 | 65.57 | 62.49 | |
| MaPLe + TPTBackbone=ViT-B/322025.12 | 18.71 | 91.44 | 59.35 | 40.01 | 39.67 | 66.08 | 82.08 | 88.47 | 66.07 | 61.63 | 61.35 | |
| CoOpBackbone=ViT-B/16, Target distribution modeling=false, Availability=false, Training-free=false2025.07 | 18.47 | 93.7 | 64.51 | 41.92 | 46.39 | 68.71 | 85.3 | 89.14 | 64.15 | 66.55 | 63.88 | |
| CoOpBackbone=ViT-B/162026.01 | 18.47 | 93.7 | 64.51 | 41.92 | 46.39 | 68.71 | 85.3 | 89.14 | 64.15 | 66.55 | 63.88 | |
| CoOpBackbone=ViT-B/162025.07 | 18.47 | 93.7 | 64.51 | 41.92 | 46.39 | 68.71 | 85.3 | 89.14 | 64.15 | 66.55 | 63.88 | |
| HisTPTVisual Backbone=ResNet-502025.03 | 18.1 | 87.2 | 61.3 | 41.3 | 42.5 | 67.6 | 81.3 | 84.9 | 63.5 | 64.1 | 61.2 | |
| CLIP with PAVisual Backbone=ResNet-502025.03 | 18.1 | 89.08 | 57.56 | 46.06 | 38.53 | 65.02 | 76.92 | 85.28 | 62.2 | 60.45 | 59.92 | |
| CLIP with LAVisual Backbone=ResNet-502025.03 | 17.85 | 88.96 | 57.11 | 43.55 | 35.5 | 65.57 | 76.94 | 84.24 | 62.54 | 60.71 | 59.3 | |
| FreeTTABackbone=ResNet-50, Target distribution modeling=true, Availability=true, Training-free=true2025.07 | 17.83 | 90.12 | 58.01 | 44.21 | 43.64 | 68.26 | 77.98 | 86.44 | 62.84 | 63.97 | 61.33 | |
| TDAVisual Backbone=ResNet-502025.03 | 17.61 | 89.7 | 57.78 | 43.74 | 42.11 | 68.74 | 77.75 | 86.18 | 62.53 | 64.18 | 61.03 | |
| DiffTPTBackbone=ResNet-50, Target distribution modeling=false, Availability=true, Training-free=true2025.07 | 17.6 | 86.89 | 60.71 | 40.72 | 41.04 | 63.53 | 79.21 | 83.4 | 62.72 | 62.67 | 59.85 | |
| DiffTPTVisual Backbone=ResNet-502025.03 | 17.6 | 86.89 | 60.71 | 40.72 | 41.04 | 63.53 | 79.21 | 83.4 | 62.72 | 62.67 | 59.85 | |
| TPTBackbone=ResNet-50, Target distribution modeling=false, Availability=true, Training-free=true2025.07 | 17.58 | 87.02 | 58.46 | 40.84 | 28.33 | 62.69 | 74.88 | 84.49 | 61.46 | 60.82 | 57.66 | |
| TPTVisual Backbone=ResNet-502025.03 | 17.58 | 87.02 | 58.46 | 40.84 | 28.33 | 62.69 | 74.88 | 84.49 | 61.46 | 60.82 | 57.66 | |
| MaPLeBackbone=ViT-B/322025.12 | 17.53 | 92.5 | 59.93 | 41.7 | 40.8 | 65.33 | 81 | 88.13 | 65 | 63.63 | 61.56 | |
| C-TPTVisual Backbone=ResNet-502025.03 | 17.5 | 87.4 | 57.3 | 43.1 | 29.4 | 65.3 | 76 | 84 | 62.1 | 60.7 | 58.3 | |
| CLIP-RN50Backbone=ResNet-502025.07 | 16.11 | 87.26 | 55.89 | 40.37 | 25.79 | 62.77 | 74.82 | 82.97 | 60.85 | 59.48 | 56.63 | |
| CLIPVisual Backbone=ResNet-502025.03 | 16.11 | 87.26 | 55.89 | 40.37 | 25.79 | 62.77 | 74.82 | 82.97 | 60.85 | 59.48 | 56.63 | |
| CoOpBackbone=ResNet-50, Target distribution modeling=false, Availability=false, Training-free=false2025.07 | 15.12 | 86.53 | 55.32 | 37.29 | 26.2 | 61.55 | 75.59 | 87 | 58.15 | 59.05 | 56.18 | |
| CoCoOpBackbone=ResNet-50, Target distribution modeling=false, Availability=false, Training-free=false2025.07 | 14.61 | 87.38 | 56.22 | 38.53 | 28.73 | 65.57 | 76.2 | 88.39 | 59.61 | 57.1 | 57.23 |