Image Classification on CIFAR-100 v1 (test)
89.56Accuracy (%)PMSM
Evaluation results
| Method | Links | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PMSMPolarity=true, Multi-Spike=true, Direct Training=false2025.08 | 89.56 | — | — | 90.56 | 1 | |
| SpikeZIP-TFPolarity=true, Multi-Spike=false, Direct Training=false2025.08 | 87.3 | — | — | 91.9 | 16 | |
| MSTPolarity=false, Multi-Spike=false, Direct Training=true2025.08 | 86.91 | — | — | 88.72 | 256 | |
| SpikedAttentionPolarity=false, Multi-Spike=false, Direct Training=false2025.08 | 86.3 | — | — | 87.7 | 24 | |
| SdformerPolarity=false, Multi-Spike=false, Direct Training=true2025.08 | 78.4 | — | — | — | 4 | |
| SpikFormerPolarity=false, Multi-Spike=false, Direct Training=true2025.08 | 78.21 | — | — | — | 4 | |
| Mosaicω=1.0, Heterogeneity=Standard, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 70.28 | — | — | — | — | |
| FedInitω=1.0, Heterogeneity=Standard, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 69.44 | — | — | — | — | |
| FedOptω=1.0, Heterogeneity=Standard, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 68.6 | — | — | — | — | |
| pFedFDAω=1.0, Heterogeneity=Standard, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 68.04 | — | — | — | — | |
| PA3Fedω=1.0, Heterogeneity=Standard, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 67.83 | — | — | — | — | |
| Mosaicω=1.0, Heterogeneity=Stronger, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 67.62 | — | — | — | — | |
| DFRDω=1.0, Heterogeneity=Standard, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 67.55 | — | — | — | — | |
| FedKFDω=1.0, Heterogeneity=Standard, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 66.9 | — | — | — | — | |
| DENSEω=1.0, Heterogeneity=Standard, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 66.52 | — | — | — | — | |
| FedFTGω=1.0, Heterogeneity=Standard, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 65.71 | — | — | — | — | |
| FedAvgω=1.0, Heterogeneity=Standard, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 65.55 | — | — | — | — | |
| FedAFω=1.0, Heterogeneity=Standard, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 65.39 | — | — | — | — | |
| FedRSω=1.0, Heterogeneity=Standard, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 63.32 | — | — | — | — | |
| Mosaicω=0.1, Heterogeneity=Standard, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 62.76 | — | — | — | — | |
| DFRDω=0.1, Heterogeneity=Standard, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 61.88 | — | — | — | — | |
| LaDP-FLepsilon=0.5, Backbone=ResNet-182026.01 | 61.77 | — | — | — | — | |
| PA3Fedω=0.1, Heterogeneity=Standard, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 61.61 | — | — | — | — | |
| FedInitω=0.1, Heterogeneity=Standard, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 61.53 | — | — | — | — | |
| pFedFDAω=0.1, Heterogeneity=Standard, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 61.23 | — | — | — | — | |
| FedOptω=0.1, Heterogeneity=Standard, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 61.17 | — | — | — | — | |
| FedOptω=1.0, Heterogeneity=Stronger, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 60.91 | — | — | — | — | |
| FedKFDω=0.1, Heterogeneity=Standard, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 60.87 | — | — | — | — | |
| FedInitω=1.0, Heterogeneity=Stronger, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 60.45 | — | — | — | — | |
| FedKFDω=1.0, Heterogeneity=Stronger, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 60.44 | — | — | — | — | |
| AdapLDPepsilon=0.5, Backbone=ResNet-182026.01 | 60.43 | 2.22 | 4.99 | — | — | |
| FedAFω=0.1, Heterogeneity=Standard, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 60.28 | — | — | — | — | |
| DENSEω=0.1, Heterogeneity=Standard, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 60.09 | — | — | — | — | |
| FedFTGω=0.1, Heterogeneity=Standard, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 59.91 | — | — | — | — | |
| FedRSω=1.0, Heterogeneity=Stronger, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 59.34 | — | — | — | — | |
| PA3Fedω=1.0, Heterogeneity=Stronger, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 59.34 | — | — | — | — | |
| pFedFDAω=1.0, Heterogeneity=Stronger, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 59.31 | — | — | — | — | |
| FedAvgω=0.1, Heterogeneity=Standard, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 59.3 | — | — | — | — | |
| FedFTGω=1.0, Heterogeneity=Stronger, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 59.08 | — | — | — | — | |
| DENSEω=1.0, Heterogeneity=Stronger, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 58.97 | — | — | — | — | |
| FedAvgω=1.0, Heterogeneity=Stronger, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 58.72 | — | — | — | — | |
| DFRDω=1.0, Heterogeneity=Stronger, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 58.61 | — | — | — | — | |
| FedRSω=0.1, Heterogeneity=Standard, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 58.29 | — | — | — | — | |
| FedAFω=1.0, Heterogeneity=Stronger, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 58.06 | — | — | — | — | |
| Mosaicω=0.1, Heterogeneity=Stronger, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 57.93 | — | — | — | — | |
| Sensitive DPepsilon=0.5, Backbone=ResNet-182026.01 | 55.53 | 11.24 | 26.58 | — | — | |
| Mosaicω=0.01, Heterogeneity=Standard, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 53.59 | — | — | — | — | |
| DPAepsilon=0.5, Backbone=ResNet-182026.01 | 53.04 | 16.46 | 15.79 | — | — | |
| PA3Fedω=0.01, Heterogeneity=Standard, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 52.05 | — | — | — | — | |
| pFedFDAω=0.01, Heterogeneity=Standard, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 51.72 | — | — | — | — | |
| FedInitω=0.01, Heterogeneity=Standard, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 51.27 | — | — | — | — | |
| DFRDω=0.01, Heterogeneity=Standard, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 51.01 | — | — | — | — | |
| FedAFω=0.01, Heterogeneity=Standard, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 50.97 | — | — | — | — | |
| FedOptω=0.01, Heterogeneity=Standard, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 50.62 | — | — | — | — | |
| FedKFDω=0.01, Heterogeneity=Standard, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 50.31 | — | — | — | — | |
| FedRSω=0.01, Heterogeneity=Standard, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 50.16 | — | — | — | — | |
| FedFTGω=0.01, Heterogeneity=Standard, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 49.37 | — | — | — | — | |
| Time-Varying DPepsilon=0.5, Backbone=ResNet-182026.01 | 49.35 | 25.17 | 50.07 | — | — | |
| DENSEω=0.01, Heterogeneity=Standard, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 48.79 | — | — | — | — | |
| FedAvgω=0.01, Heterogeneity=Standard, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 48.72 | — | — | — | — | |
| Mosaicω=0.01, Heterogeneity=Stronger, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 43.92 | — | — | — | — | |
| pFedFDAω=0.1, Heterogeneity=Stronger, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 43.46 | — | — | — | — | |
| FedKFDω=0.1, Heterogeneity=Stronger, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 43.45 | — | — | — | — | |
| FedAFω=0.1, Heterogeneity=Stronger, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 42.94 | — | — | — | — | |
| FedInitω=0.1, Heterogeneity=Stronger, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 42.66 | — | — | — | — | |
| PA3Fedω=0.1, Heterogeneity=Stronger, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 42.37 | — | — | — | — | |
| DFRDω=0.1, Heterogeneity=Stronger, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 42.12 | — | — | — | — | |
| FedFTGω=0.1, Heterogeneity=Stronger, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 41.81 | — | — | — | — | |
| LaDP-FLepsilon=0.2, Backbone=ResNet-182026.01 | 41.75 | — | — | — | — | |
| FedAvgω=0.1, Heterogeneity=Stronger, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 41.62 | — | — | — | — | |
| DENSEω=0.1, Heterogeneity=Stronger, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 41.54 | — | — | — | — | |
| FedRSω=0.1, Heterogeneity=Stronger, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 41.45 | — | — | — | — | |
| Full DPepsilon=0.5, Backbone=ResNet-182026.01 | 41.2 | 49.93 | 153.26 | — | — | |
| FedOptω=0.1, Heterogeneity=Stronger, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 41.19 | — | — | — | — | |
| LaDP-FLepsilon=0.5, Backbone=CNN2026.01 | 40.38 | — | — | — | — | |
| AdapLDPepsilon=0.5, Backbone=CNN2026.01 | 39.26 | 2.85 | 12.23 | — | — | |
| AdapLDPepsilon=0.2, Backbone=ResNet-182026.01 | 38.47 | 8.53 | — | — | — | |
| DPAepsilon=0.2, Backbone=ResNet-182026.01 | 36.18 | 15.4 | — | — | — | |
| Sensitive DPepsilon=0.5, Backbone=CNN2026.01 | 35.57 | 13.52 | 235.02 | — | — | |
| DPAepsilon=0.5, Backbone=CNN2026.01 | 35.11 | 15.01 | 46.2 | — | — | |
| Sensitive DPepsilon=0.2, Backbone=ResNet-182026.01 | 29.28 | 42.59 | — | — | — | |
| Time-Varying DPepsilon=0.5, Backbone=CNN2026.01 | 28.93 | 39.58 | 417.18 | — | — | |
| Time-Varying DPepsilon=0.2, Backbone=ResNet-182026.01 | 22.32 | 87.05 | — | — | — | |
| Full DPepsilon=0.5, Backbone=CNN2026.01 | 22.13 | 82.47 | 660.85 | — | — | |
| PA3Fedω=0.01, Heterogeneity=Stronger, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 21.95 | — | — | — | — | |
| FedInitω=0.01, Heterogeneity=Stronger, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 20.88 | — | — | — | — | |
| FedKFDω=0.01, Heterogeneity=Stronger, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 20.83 | — | — | — | — | |
| FedOptω=0.01, Heterogeneity=Stronger, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 20.69 | — | — | — | — | |
| pFedFDAω=0.01, Heterogeneity=Stronger, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 20.61 | — | — | — | — | |
| FedAFω=0.01, Heterogeneity=Stronger, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 20.06 | — | — | — | — | |
| DFRDω=0.01, Heterogeneity=Stronger, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 20.02 | — | — | — | — | |
| FedFTGω=0.01, Heterogeneity=Stronger, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 20 | — | — | — | — | |
| FedRSω=0.01, Heterogeneity=Stronger, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 19.84 | — | — | — | — | |
| FedAvgω=0.01, Heterogeneity=Stronger, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 19.07 | — | — | — | — | |
| DENSEω=0.01, Heterogeneity=Stronger, Backbone=ResNet-182025.05 | 18.95 | — | — | — | — | |
| LaDP-FLepsilon=0.2, Backbone=CNN2026.01 | 15.69 | — | — | — | — | |
| AdapLDPepsilon=0.2, Backbone=CNN2026.01 | 12.04 | 30.32 | — | — | — | |
| Full DPepsilon=0.2, Backbone=ResNet-182026.01 | 10.13 | 312.14 | — | — | — | |
| DPAepsilon=0.2, Backbone=CNN2026.01 | 7.73 | 102.98 | — | — | — | |
| Sensitive DPepsilon=0.2, Backbone=CNN2026.01 | 2.87 | 446.69 | — | — | — |